LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 580. G LP ms/4& '"»^ ^^'^ ^^'^ * '"• ^ l'"- The stormy petrel is feathered just to the basal joint ; but in Wilson's petrel the feathers only approach within 4 lines of it. In the former the tarsus is in length 1 line short of an inch, in the latter 1 inch 4 lines, and equally slender with the former ; and the hinder toe is so minute that it might escape any but attentive exa- mination. In the bill the markings are more strongly defined, with the terminal hook longer and sharper. The prominence of the fore- head is less than in the more common species. Colour of the head black with a hoary tint, lighter on the throat. The back, belly, wings, and tail are ferruginous, lighter on the wing coverts ; the rump white, and a little of the same at the vent. Tarsi and feet black, with a longitudinal stripe of sulphur-yellow, more of a golden at the bor- ders or the web between each toe. The stouter configuration of this species enabling it better to escape the violence of a storm may be ascribed perhaps as a reason why it is not more often found on our coasts. On examining the stomach of a stormy petrel Mr. Couch found about half an inch of a common tallow candle, of a size so dispro- tionate to the bill and gullet of the bird, that it seems wonderful how it could have been able to swallow it. November 20. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Read, " Description of a new Genus of Plants belonging to the Natural Family Bignoniacea." By D. Don, Esq., Libr. L.S., Prof. Bot. King's College. The subject of this paper was collected by Capt. Sir James Ed- ward Alexander, during a journey through the interior of Southern Africa to the western coast. The plant was discovered by that en- terprising traveller in the open desert, called the Kei Kaap, in Great Namaqua Land, in 25° S. latitude and 17° E. longitude. It is a thorny bush, about six feet high, with small simple, hoary, wrinkled, serrated leaves and large white flowers. There can be no doubt that the plant belongs to the Bignoniacece, although in habit it bears a stronger resemblance to Verbenacece, especially to Dwrflw^a and Gmelina. In its spathaceous calyx and regular funnel-shaped corolla the genus comes near to Spathodea, but is abundantly distinguished from it by the cells of the anthers being parallel and connate from the middle upwards. Its regular funnel-shaped corolla, spathaceous calyx, equal stamina, and serrated leaves essentially distinguish it from Burchell's curious genus Rhigozum, with which it agrees in habit. On the specimen were two expanded flowers and a bud. The calyx in all three had six teeth, and both the expanded flowers and the bud had a six-cleft limb ; one of these had seven stamens, and the other, as well as the bud, six, so that this last may be regarded as the normal number. The following are the name and characters of this new genus. Catophractes. Calyx spathaceus, hinc fissus, inde 6-dentatus. Corolla infundibuliformis : limbo 6-lobo, patenti, aequali. Stamina 6, raro 7. subasqualia, exserta. Anther arum loculi paralleli, e medio sursum con- nati. Ovarium abbreviatum, conicum, biloculare 2 Frutex (namaquensis) erectus, spinosus. Folia fasciculata, simplicia, serrata. Flores laterales, suhsessiles, speciosi, albi. Sp. 1 . C. Alexandri. Read, " An Account of a species of Lepidosperma, from Tasman's Peninsula, Van Diemen's Land." By Dr. Lhotsky. Communicated by Prof. Don, Libr. L.S. This species is nearly allied to the Lepidosperma elatior of Labil- lardiere, and is remarkable for the great length of its leaves, varying from 10 to 15 and even 20 feet. A specimen exhibited to the meet- ing had the leaf upwards of 13 feet long. It was discovered by Dr. Lhotsky in Tasman's Peninsula, Van Diemen's Land, growing in a dense jungle, through which its long slender leaves contrive to penetrate. It is termed " Cutting Grass," and like the other spe- cies of this Cyperaceous genus is characterized by the sharp edges of its leaves, whicli inflict wounds on the unwary traveller who happens to pass the plant hastily. December 4. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. G. E. Dennes, Esq., Vine Street, Golden Square ; R. G. Holland, Esq., Surgeon, Sheffield; and Henry Laxton, Esq., Parliament Street, were elected Fellows of the Society. Read, " Observations on the Anatomical and Physiological Na- ture of Ergot in certain Grasses." By E. J. Queckett, Esq., F.L.S. Having had the opportunity of examining the formation of the ergot in several grasses, the author has endeavoured to trace the cause and origin of this singular formation on them, and particularly on Elymus sabulosus. It was found, that when a grain of the grass was to be replaced by an ergot, it presented before the period of expansion of the flower a singular mildewed appearance. This, when examined microsco- pically, was seen to consist of filaments, at whose base were myriads of particles of exceedingly diminutive size, forming a complete coating to the young grain, so that no part of its body was visible through it. From this state the increase of the young ergot, but not of the filaments and particles, was very rapid ; for in a short time after, when the ergot began to appear between the paleae of the flower, its violet black colour was then visible, on account of the mildewed appear- ance not keeping pace in development with the ergot*. After the ergot begins to appear beyond the palese, it in a short time attains its full size, and loses almost entirely its mildewed covering, presenting now its perfect violet black surface, and mea- sures in different specimens from half an inch to one inch and half. If the ergot be examined carefully at this period, in such speci- mens as have not been subjected to injury or displacement on the plant, it will be found that at its base are the two scales which are observable in the same place in the healthy grain, and that it is ar- ticulated to the receptacle, and separates from it as readily as the grain when ripe does from the same spot, and at the apex of it is a small body, frequently hairy, on which can be observed the remains of the stigmas. From the relations of the ergot to these parts, and compared with those of the healthy grain, it is found that it is placed between and upon the same organs as the grain, and there cannot be a doubt but that this singular body is not an independent fungus, but a grain diseased from causes presently to be mentioned. When the particles before mentioned, which occur on the surfacfr of the ergot, and which are also found in a viscid fluid that hangs about the paleae of the infected grass, are examined by the micro- scope, their size is found to be 4-dVd- part of an inch in length, and Wo-o- part of an inch in diameter in the generality of instances, and their number is countless, probably 20 millions on each ergot. When magnified from 500 to 800 times, it then can be observed that their interior contains several well-defined green dots or granules, two or three being the most common numbers. If these particles, which are no doubt the cause of the ergot, as they are found on every ergotized grass and are the sporidia of a cer- tain fungus, be kept moistened on any convenient surface, as between a plate of glass and talc, they soon commence germinating (if recent) • The growth of the ergot is very rapid when compared with that of the grain. Philippar, in his ' Traite Organographique et Physiologico-agricole sur I'Ergot, &c., dans les Cereales', observed some particular plants of rye, whilst passing by a certain corn-field, which had no appearance of ergot, but ten or twelve days after these same plants had full-sized ergots upon them. in various ways ; sometimes by emitting a tube or tubes containing green granules, similar to those in the interior of the sporidia, and which probably separate finally into as many perfect reproductive atoms ; in other instances one sporidium gives off a minute process from its side, which goes on increasing and ultimately becomes like its parent, and then separates from it. Often several sporidia so ge- nerated, remain united to each other for a short time, forming a mo- niliform filament, composed frequently of seven or eight joints. The next and last method is the most perfect when it is found that the sporidia have their cavity divided by a septum, which is formed by a green granule of the interior extending itself laterally ; each half of each sporidium being again subdivided, and by endless repetitions of this process a radiated plant is produced, which, when arrived at a certain size and age, bears upon its branchlets sporidia similar to that one from which it was first produced. From these observations, it is proved that the sporidia, found on the surface of the diseased grain, can germinate and ultimately develope the means of their reproduction, without forming any body analo- gous in shape or structure to an ergot, which fact is conclusive that the filaments and sporidia are no part of that body, because they are found to flourish unconnected with it, and even grow on many parts of the same grass, as seen in the anthers by Mr. Smith, of Kew Gar- dens, and observed by Mr. Queckett on the paleae, glumes and ra- chis ; therefore the ergot, Mr. Queckett conceives, originates by the grain of the respective grass becoming diseased, from the presence of a parasite, which occasions such alteration in its developement as to cause it to assume the well-known form, and to possess also the sin- gular properties manifested in that of rye. If the ergot be sliced into thin transverse sections, and these ex- amifl.ed with a very high magnifying power, it will be seen that nu- merous particles escape from them when they are placed in water. These have been taken by Philippar for sporidia, from which cir- cumstance he considered the ergot as the reproductive apparatus of a fungus ; but such particles are only those of a fatty oil, which escape from the divided cells, and collect on the surface of the water, in which the sections are immersed, and differ from the sporidia of the exterior by floating on the surface, whilst the latter always sub- side to the bottom of the vessel containing the water. The appli- cation of heat to these supposed sporidia fuses them into irregular masses of different sizes ; and ether or turpentine, if allowed to eva- porate after being added to them, leaves similar appearances. The internal structure of the ergot looks extremely irregular, there being no equally formed cells, but a confused jumble, out ot which can scarcely be traced the true cells, on account of iheir boundaries being exceedingly sinuous, which structure is very like the centre of the fungus produced during the germination of the sporidia, an-l appears to be occasioned by fungoid matter having grown in the in- terior of the grain. From these observations, which have been followed up in many ergotized grasses, Mr. Queckett is inclined to believe that the ergot is a grain diseased by a particular parasitic fungus developing in or about it, whose sporidia find the young state of the grain a matrix suitable for their growth, and quickly run their race, not entirely depriving it of its natality, but communicating to it such impressions, which pervert its regular growth, and likewise the healthy formation of its constituents, being at last composed of its diseased mate- rials, which are mixed up with fungic matter, which has developed within it. The fungus caused to germinate in the way described is quite in- visible to the naked eye, seldom measuring beyond the one or two hundredth part of an inch ; and from comparisons with British and foreign genera of Fungacese, it has not been found that it belongs satisfactorily to any as at present constituted ; the author therefore proposes a new genus, with the title Ergoteetea, to represent this minute fungus, which wUl belong to the sub-order Coniomycetes of Fries, and to its division Mucedines, very near to the genus Sepe- donium. After repeated experiments with the sporidia of the ergot of rye, of Elymus, and other grasses, the author has always succeeded in making them germinate, and has not discovered such differences as would lead him to consider that the parasite in each case was not the same, therefore he has applied the term abortans, as the specific name of Ergotatea, to the plant found on the ergot of rye, and be- lieves the parasites, on the other grasses which have been examined, to be of the same species. December 18. Edward Forster, Esq.. V. P., in the Chair. Read, " A notice of Cereus tetragonus," by Edward Rudge, Esq., F.R. & L.S. This plant has blossomed during the three past years in Mr. Rudge's collection at Abbey Manor House near Evesham. The flowers expand in the evening like those of C. grandiflorus, which they resemble, but are not above half the size. The number of the angles of the stem is variable. The species is an old inhabitant of our stoves, but has rarely flowered. Read, " Descriptions of the Indian species of Iris," by D. Don, Esq., Libr. L.S., Prof. Bot. King's College. The number of species of this beautiful genus belonging to the Indian Flora is five, three of which have not been previously de- scribed : one of the species is from Cashmere, another from Ludak, a country situated beyond the Himalaya, and the remaining three are natives of Nepal and Kamaon, and of the country to the west- ward. The following are the characters of the undescribed species : 1. /. kamaonensis (Wall. Cat. n. 5052.), barbata; scapo brevissimo uni- floro, tubo perianthii longissimo subfiliformi, sepalis interioribus bilo- bis longe uiiguiculatis, ovario turbinate 3-gono. 2. /. longifolia (Royle 111. t. 91. f. 2.), imberbis ; fobis margine scabris, scapo brevissimo unifloro, sepalis sublanceolatis integerrimis, tubo pe- rianthii vix ullo, ovario elongate triquetro scapum adsequante, stigma- tis lobis integerrimis. 3. /. Moorcroftiana {Vfa\\. Cat. n. 5051.), imberbis; scapo bifloro pedun- culis breviore, spathis glumaceis tubum perianthii superantibus, sepalis lanceolatis acutiusculis, ovario 6-sulcato. Read, " Additional observations on the Spongilla fluviatilis " By John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. The author's views of the vegetable nature of the river sponge were given in a paper read before the Society on the 5th of June, 1838, a report of Avhich was inserted in the August number of the ' Annals of Natural History.' The present paper contains additional observations in confirmation of those views, derived from a more accurate examination of the seed-like bodies, which are found adhering in abundance to the walls of the cells or cavities of the sponge, and are also frequently free and endowed with the faculty of locomotion ; and which have been regarded by some authors as the ova of the Spongilla, and by others as those of the Plumatella. Mr. Hogg has determined the identity of these bodies, having succeeded in raising young Spongilla from both kinds ; and he has also ascertained that they are destitute of cilia, being merely studded with minute granular papiUae. The mo- tions of the unattached bodies resemble those observed by Unger in the sporules of Ectospora clavata, and Mr. Hogg considers the cur- rents to be due to the same causes, which affect the circulation of the fluids in the cells of vegetables. Jan. 15, 1839.] Linnean Society. 9 January 15, 1839. Edward Forster, Esq., V. P., in the Chair. Major Thomas Best Jervis, E. I. C. Engineer Sendee ; Thomas Bruges Flower, Esq., Bath ; J. C. Hall, Esq., Kensington ; R. M. Lingwood, Esq., B.A., Uckfield, Sussex ; and F. J. White, M.D., Wcirminster, were elected Fellows of the Society. Read, " A notice of the Encephalartos horridus, which flowered at Kinmel Park." By Mr. Thomas Forrest. Communicated by the Secretary. This brief notice was accompanied by the male spadix, which had flowered at Kinmel Park, the seat of Lord Dinorben, and was sent for exhibition to the meeting by command of His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex. The plant had been sent to Lord Dinorben from the Cape of Good Hope about six years ago by Lord John Spencer Churchill, Capt. R.N. The spadix was of unusual size, and bore a strong resemblance to a gigantic pine cone. The most remarkable peculiarity observable was, that several scales, less developed than the others, bore only a single unilateral mass of anthers, whilst in others the two masses were scarcely confluent. Read, " An account of the Indian Species of Juncus and Luzula." ByD. Don, Esq., Libr.L.S., Prof. Bot. King's College. The species described in this paper are all from Northern India, and were mostly collected by Dr. Royle in the range of the Hima- laya, included between the Ganges and Sutlej. Of the eight spe- cies described, seven belong to Juncus, and only one to Luzula. Three of the former genus are entirely new, two had been previously gathered by Dr. Wallich's collectors in Nepal, and of the two others, one (/. bufonius) is common throughout the northern hemisphere, and the other (/. glaucus) is abundant in northern and central Europe. The Luzula is spicata, which occurs on the mountains of the north of England, Scotland, and throughout Europe, reaching as high as 71" north latitude, and which is likewise found on the Caucasus and Altai mountains in northern 'Asia. The present va-r riety is from Lippa in Kunawur, a country situated beyond the Himalaya, in about 31° 33' north latitude, being about 11° more to the south than any station previously recorded for Luzula spicata. The variety differs in its broader sepals, blunt capsule, with obovate valves, and in the seeds not being above half the size. No. II. — Proceedings of the Linnean Society^ 10 Linnean Society. [Feb. 5, We subjoin the characters of the new species. 1. /. leucanthus (Royle), culmo bifolio tereti, foliis margine involutis filiformibus culmum subsequantibus, capitulo terminali solitario 6 — 10- floro, involucro 5-phyllo glumaceo floribus longiore, sepalis acutius- culis, antheris acutis filamentis duplo longioribus, ovario incluso, stig- matibus stylo ter brevioribus. This species is nearly allied to /. triglumis. 2. J. leucomelas (Royle), culmo enodi filiformi aphyllo, foliis subulatis canaliculatis, capitulo terminali 3 — 5-floro involucro 3-phyllo acuto breviore, sepalis obtusis, antheris filamentorum fere longitudine, capsula acuminata perianthio longiore, 3. /. memhranaceus (Royle), culmo tereti subdiphyllo, foliis subfiliformi- bus obtusis, capitulo terminali solitario 4 — 8-floro bractea communi membranacea breviore, sepalis obtusis capsula acuta longioribus, stami- nibus inclusis, antheris filamentis dilatatis ter brevioribus. 4. J. concinnus (Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal, p. 44), culmo tereti subdiphyllo, foliis planiusculis obtusis, capitulis 3 — 6-floris corymbosis, bractea communi elongata foliacea, sepalis acutis capsula acuta longioribus, staminibus longe exsertis, antheris filamentis simplicibus 6-pl6 brevi- oribus. 5. /. indicus, triandrus ; capitulis multifloris squarrosis trichotome cy- mosis, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis apice mucronatis recurvis capsulse mu- ticae longitudine, stigmatibus sessilibus. February 5. Edward Forster, Esq., V. P., in the Chair. J. J. Adams Esq., Surgeon, Finsbury Square, was elected a Fel- low of the Society. Read, a paper entitled " A Note upon the Anatomy of the Roots of OphrydecB." By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R. and L.S., Prof. Bot. University College. The object of the author in this paper was to show that salep, the prepared roots of certain Ophrydece, is not a substance consisting principally of starch, as is the common opinion among writers of the present day, but is composed of a bassorine-like matter, organized in a peculiar manner. After stating the opinions of recent authorities, the author gives the results of his own microscopical examination of the tissue of re- cent and prepared roots, by which it appears that the tubercles of Ophryde separately. From a good sized specimen nearly half an ounce of fluid has been obtained. The following chemical experiments among others were made : — 1. Two drachms of the fluid added to ^ 1 of hydrate gave a clear brown transparent solution, to which in separate glasses was added 2. Nitrate of Silver : no effect at first, but in a few minutes dark, brown flocculi subsided, leaving a transparent fluid above. 3. Muriate of Barytes : no effect at first, finally a subsidence of dark brown flocculi. 4. Acetate of Lead. Immediate dark brown flocculi, leaving a clear liquid above. 5. Carbonate of Potash. Transparency destroyed j a trifling brown deposit in a few hours. 6. Alcohol. No apparent change from it. 7. Solution of Corrosive Sublimate. An apparent diffusion of brown- ish hue, gradually subsiding in dirty brown flocculi. 8. Dilute Muriatic Acid. The same, but much smaller in amount. 10. Lime Water. Light brown flocculi in a few hours. 11. Liquor Ammonia. No effect. 12. Succinate of Ammonia. Deep brown deposit in a few hours. 13. Prussiate of Potash. No effect. 14. Oxalate of Ammonia. Clouds form and settle in a dirty brown sediment. From these experiments Dr. Coxe is disposed to think that an ex- cellent India Ink might be prepared for drawing ; perhaps its dried deposit mixed with oil might answer for engravings; and as an ink, indestructible from any common agents, it might be well to try it m the filling up of bank notes and other papers of consequence, as he believes it cannot be extracted by any means without destroying the paper itself. The Fungus described, and on which the above experiments were tried, is referred with some hesitation to Agaricus ovatus, Schseffer, ' Icones Fungorum,' fig. 7. A. cylindricus, fig. 8. A. porcellaneus, fig.46. and 47. The drawings are named Agaricus ovatus*. * The drawings evidently represent Agaricus fimetarius, Linn, and Curtis ; A. comatus, Mull, and Berkeley ; A. cylindricus, Sowerby ; to which A. cy- lindricus, SchsefF. f. 8. and A. porcellaneus, figs. 46 & 47. belong; it is not so clear that A. ovatus, fig. 7. (the name adopted by Dr. Coxe) does. In the subgenus named by Berkeley Coprinus every species is deliquescent. Curtis observes, under his A. ovatus, which is A. atramentariits. Bull, and Berk., that the seeds may be seen in the black liquor if magnified. 1839,] Linnean Society. 21 March 19. Edward Forster, Esq., V. P., in the Chair. Robert John Ashton, Esq., Bromptoni Patrick Leigh Strachan, Esq., of the Civil Service, Sierra Leone; and Alfred White, Esq., IsHngton, were elected Fellows of the Society. Read, " A Notice of the Birds of Iceland, accompanied by speci- mens." By George Townshend Fox, Esq., F.L.S. It is perhaps not generally known that the Durham University has estabhshed a Museum as one of the necessary appendages of an academical institution ; the subcurator of which, Mr. Wm. Proctor, requested and obtained permission to go out to Iceland in the summer of 1837 to procure a collection of the birds of that island. Three months were passed on the most northern part of Iceland, this local- ity being chosen by Mr. Proctor as one least visited by naturalists, and therefore the most likely to repay his labours by the number or rarity of the specimens to be obtained. Skins of fifty-two species of birds were brought home, besides skins of six Rein Deer, three spe- cies of Seals, two large Fishes (Anun-hicas), and a Porpoise. Frederick Faber in his Ornithology of Iceland, published at Copen- hagen in 1822, enumerates eighty-four species of birds; of which about twenty are land birds, and sixty water birds. Faber adopted the nomenclature of Linnaeus, but an examination of the skins brought home by Mr. Proctor has led to the belief that several of Faber's birds are not identical with the Linnean species. The Iceland Falcon is considered by Mr. Hancock* as distinct from the whiter falcon of Greenland. The Iceland Grouse is correctly considered by Faber as peculiar to that island. The Bridled Guillemot, Uria lacrymans, Lapyl., is for various reasons believed to be a species distinct from the Common Guillemot, Uria Troile, Lath. Clangula Barrovii w^as found breeding on the ground in a nest formed of its own down, and placed among aquatic plants a little above high- water mark. Some rare eggs were also obtained, namely, those of the Iceland Falcon, Little Auk, Bridled Guillemot, and Sclavonian Grebe. Read also a paper, " On the Structure and Development of the Reproductive organs of Pilularia globulifera." In a letter to * See Mr. Hancock's paper on this subject in the * Annals of Natural History,' voh ii. p. 241. 22 Linnean Society. [March 19, R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S. and L.S. By William Valentine, Esq., F.L.S. The author observes, that the involucrum of Pilularia globulifera contains two kinds of bodies, which, however, occupy distinct sacs ; one kind are round, very numerous, and minute, not larger than the 460th part of an inch -, they are found principally in the upper part of the involucrum, and are about forty in each sac. The other kind are of an oblong pyriform shape, a little constricted near the middle, with a conical projection at one extremity, and are much less nu- merous, about sixty, and occur singly in each sac ; they are about the 80th part of an inch broad, and have the power of germination, which the former kind do not appear to possess. Both kinds are loose in their sacs, and have an opake, pure white, minutely granular, testaceous covering, and are imbedded in a kind of gelatin, which softens and expands by the action of water, but is not completely dissolved. The larger bodies, the undoubted sporules, after a very slight maceration in water, (less than a minute is sufficient,) are en- veloped by a well-defined covering of gelatinous matter, which be- fore the maceration existed in a concrete state. Further macera- tion does not appear to affect this gelatinous covering, as it remains unchanged long after germination, and gives to the sporule the ap- pearance of having a very delicate transparent border, whose breadth is about the 4th part of the diameter of the sporule. The sporule consists of three coats, the outer of which is white, opake, somewhat brittle, more or less incomplete at the conical ex- tremity, but much thickened about the upper third of the sporule, where it exhibits traces of cellularity. The middle coat is mem- branous, elastic, of a light yellowish brown colour, and perforated at the apex of the conical projection which is essentially formed by this coat, the outer coat being gradually lost upon its surface, or in some instances being scarcely continued on to it, in which case the sporule appears truncated, the middle membrane not having sufficient firmness of itself to support the conical form. This conical projec- tion is more or less plicated, and in those instances in which the outer coat is very deficient the middle membrane exhibits lines radiating from the aperture. The third coat, or internal membrane, is similar in colour to the middle, differing from it however in being inelastic, and not being continued into the cone, but forming a short cavity, by passing directly across the base of the cone, at which point it is not in contact with either of the other membranes, and is marked by three lines, which radiate from the centre of the unsupported portion, and indicate a valvular structure to allow of the protrusion 1839.] Linnean Society. 23 of the growing matter in germination. The cavity of the sporule is occupied by a quantity of grumous fluid and particles, which are of various sizes, the larger ones being mostly of an ovcid shape, but altering by pressure. I found many of these sporules in a genninating state, the major- ity having escaped from the involucrum, but in several instances I found them considerably advanced in germination before the rupture of the involucrum and whilst they were yet inclosed in their sacs. The first external sign of germination is either the appearance of four cells projecting through the apex of the conical projection or a general swelling of that j)art. By dissection, however, we can observe this process at an earlier period, and I find upon re- moving the conical projection that the first evidence of germination having commenced is an appearance of cellularity within the unsup- ported or valved portion of the internal membrane, which is transpa- rent ; and I now find for the first time a very delicate pellucid mem- brane lining the whole cavity of the sporule, and having the cells which give the appearance just mentioned either lying on its exter- nal surface or forming that jDortion of it which lies beneath the valves. From the appearances and impossibility of separating the cells from the membrane 1 am inclined to believe that the cavity formed by this membrane is completed by the cells, or, in other words, that the sac is partly membranous and partly cellular. It is possible that this last described membrane may exist before germination begins, not^withstanding the numerous unsuccessful dissections which I have made to discover it, the failure being owing to its extreme de- licacy ; but I am pretty well satisfied that it is a product of germi- nation, because I have not the slightest difiiculty in demonstrating it after that has commenced, nor is there the sUghtest trace of it in any stage of the development of the sporule. However this may be, it is quite certain that fresh cells are gradually formed on the external surface of the cellular part of the sac, and that the valves of the third membrane are very soon ruptured and gradually turned back by the growth and protrusion of this button-like cellular germ. The enlarging cellular mass then distends the conical projection, unfolding the plicae of that body, and at length appears externally, with four of its cells projecting beyond the general mass and com- pressed into a quadrangular form, I fancy by the pressure of the apex of the cone, the aperture in which is quadrangular. These projecting cells soon harden and acquire a reddish brown hue, and iu the ad- vanced stage of germination ajjpear like a brown quadrangular space, which I should have little hesitation in referring to the above cause 24 Linnean Society. [March 19, did I not find several similar spaces on the germinating sporules of Isoetes lacustris, which I could not refer to such an origin : it must be observed however that I have not seen the earlier stages of germi- nation in Isoetes. Soon after the exposure of the entire germ, which is effected by the reflexion of the valves and conical membrane over the side of the sporule, where they lie quite concealed by the germ, little fibrillse or rootlets begin to shoot from one side. They are simply articulated tubes or elongated cells applied end to end wdth frequently a bulbous extremity, and each is produced from one of the cells of the germ. They differ much in length in different sporules ; in some they are not longer than the sporule, whilst in others they are three or four times that length, and, in common with the cells of the germ, contain granules which in these are colourless but in the germ green. The cluster-like appearance of the cells which form the germ, soon after the appearance of these fibrillse be- gin to change, the cells becoming flatter and more intimately con- nected with each other. At the same time an internal change is taking place, for by a gradual arching or receding upwards of that part of the germ which closes the cavity of the sporule the germ becomes hollow, the hollow communicating with the cavity of the sporule, which is of course proportionably enlarged. The germ now gra- dually points in two places, which are by no means fixed, but occur in various situations according to the position of the sporule in rela- tion to the light. The direction of the first leaf is generally in the direction of the axis of the sporule, or rather a little inclined, and that of the first root at right angles or lateral, but very soon chan- ghig to an opposite direction to that of the leaf. This would be the constant direction if the sporules were always left to themselves free from entanglements, on account of the peculiar structure of their outer coats ; the spongy fibro-cellular texture of the superior third of which, causing that end to be the most buoyant in the water, ex- poses the superior surface of the germ to the direct action of the light ; but as it cannot always happen that the sporules should be free, the direction of the leaf and root is sometimes quite the reverse, and at others both leaf and root are lateral, but proceeding from opposite sides of the germ. These two points gradually lengthen, and if dissected each will be found to consist of a closed sheath, con- taining in one instance the leaf, in the other the root in the form of a conical process like a finger in a glove. The young leaf, which is taper and its cells crowded with green granules, being in advance of the root, which is obtuse and destitute of green granules, bursts through the summit of its sheath when it has become rather longer 1839.] Linnean Society. 25 than the sporule, whilst the root, although more backward in its de- velopment, pierces its sheath before it is as long as the sporule. The sheaths are not distinct, but communicate with each other ; and the only point of connexion between the sheath (there being in fact but one) and the germ is around its base close to the sporule, so that nearly the whole of the germ is inclosed in this sheath. Besides this sheath wliich embraces the upper part of the root, there is an exceedingly delicate expansion, which so closely embraces the ex- tremity of the root like a cap, that it is only by a careful examina- tion that it can be discovered. I am not aware that this has ever had any connexion with the sheath through which the root bursts, but, on the contrary, I believe it to be a distinct formation. After the leaf has grown many times the length of the sporule, or about 2 lines long, another leaf grows from the germ close to the first, to which it is in all respects similar, and then a bud begins to be de- veloped from some indefinite part of the germ, but like the leaves and root from within the sheath, which is now frequently much lace- rated. This bud is covered by a peculiar kind of jointed hairs, whose attachments are lateral, at a short distance from their bases, and they contain a few colourless granules. This bud sometimes appears after the first leaf, in which case there is no second primordial leaf formed, and is the rudimentary stem, the first growth from it being a leaf which exhibits, although in a small degree, the first evidence of gyration, and shortly after a root which is furnished with its own sheath. As I have not seen more advanced specimens, I am unable to describe the succeeding steps; but as, up to this j^oint, my obser- vations were made upon several hundred examples, I may safely affirm that the instances were sufficiently numerous for my purpose. All the leaves after the primordial ones, or those which grow direct from the germ, are developed in a similar manner to ferns, and even the running stem partakes in a slight degree of the same gyrate evo- lution. The roots are all formed in sheaths, through the apices of which they ultimately burst ; the sheath continuing to embrace the base of the root, whilst a distinct and far more delicate sheath closely embraces its point. Transverse sections of the stem, root, and leaves show them all to be hollow with the cavity divided longi- tudinally into separate channels. In the stem these longitudinal par- titions are about fifteen or sixteen in number, and in the leaf and root they are about ten or twelve, which in the latter are arranged in pairs. These partitions radiate from a central column of enlarged cells which surround a bundle of minutely dotted ducts that may be unrolled spirally, and the channels between these partitions are fre- 26 Linnean Society. [March 19, quently divided by transverse partitions or diaphragms. The cells which form these partitions are curiously arranged — they are flat- tened on t^o opposite sides, and connected vrith each other by their narrow sides and extremities, but only at intervals, so that tl\ere are numerous holes formed which afford a free communication between all the channels. In the partitions of the root the intervening holes are so large in proportion to the breadth of the cells that these have the appearance of a string of beads. Another peculiarity of the root is, that, in addition to the diaphragms formed of this tissue, which are also found in the stem and leaf, a peculiar body is fre- quently met with occupying a similar position to the diaphragms. These bodies (for they are sometimes numerous) are each formed of one or more cylindrical cells coiled up in a gyrate manner. They grow from the angle formed by the partition and the cuticle, and are developed subsequent to the other tissue, for they may be found in various stages of advancement in the same root. Their nature I have not been able to ascertain. The author then proceeds to describe the development of the spo- rules. A transverse section of the involucrum when about the size of a small pin's head shows it to consist of four integuments, con- tainins' a mass of very delicate spongy compressible cellular tissue, subdivided into four equal triangular portions by four lines radiating from the centre. In the centre of each of these portions is a cavity, and projecting into each of these cavities are a number of nipple- like processes which are attached in each cavity to a common recep- tacle, whUst this again is connected with an open rigid cellular tissue that lies between the spongy tissue before described and the involucrum, and serves as a connexion between the two. As the involucrum advances, the spongy tissue recedes all round the four cavities, which consequently become larger and afford more space for the growth of the nipple-like processes. This recession of the spongy tissue is not caused by the pressure of the growing pro- cesses, for it is frequentiy in advance of them ; but it is produced by a gradual condensation inherent to the tissue around the cavities and along the radiating dividing lines, which, in fact, are nothing more than this condensation, which at maturity is so complete that the whole of the spongy tissue is condensed into four dissepiments, dividing the cavity of the involucrum into four equal loculi. The nipple-like processes are found upon a careful examination to be hollow sacs with obscurely cellular walls — those which occupy the lowest part of the involucrum being considerably in advance of the upper ones. These sacs contain a quantity of grumous matter, and 1S39.] Linnean Society. 27 a number, j>erhaps about ten, of soft rather opake pulpy bodies, which are evidently compounded of four closely connected parts so placed on each other as to form a cone with a triangular base. April -2. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. Henry Bingley, Esq., Queen's Assay Master, Royal Mint ; Joseph Dickinson, M.B., Lecturer on Botany at the Philosophical Institu- tion, Liverpool : George Everett, Esq., Clapham ; and John Miers, Esq., Chelsea, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. Owen read a Paper on a New Species of the genus Lepido- siren of Fitzinger and Natterer. The author commenced by advert- ing to the first announcement of that anomalous animal, the Lepido- siren paradoxa, as the type of a new genus of Perenmbr3.nchiate Reptiles by Fitzinger at the meeting of the German naturalists at Prague in 1S37, and to its subsequent description by its discoverer Dr. Natterer, the well-known South American traveller. With the generic characters assigned by these able German na- turalists to their Lepidosiren, the species described by Mr. Owen folly and closely agreed ; but it differed specifically in the greater relative length of the head and nidimental extremities, and its much smaller size. Mr. Owen observed, that since the time of the discovery of the Ontithorlit/nchus there had not been submitted to naturalists a spe- cies which proved more strongly the necessity of a knowledge of its whole organization, both external and internal, in order to arrive at a correct view of its real nature and affinities, than did the LepidosireA, and as he had felt a reluctance to bring before the Society an in- complete description, which might only have served to raise new doubts in the minds of naturalists vi-ith regard to this animal, he had deferred since June 1S37 the completion and communication of the present paper. He had however at that time prepared a brief descrip- tion of the specific characters of the specimen in question, under the name of Protopterus, and. had referred it in the Catalogue of the Museum of the CoUege of Surgeons to the Class of Fishes, on ac- count of its scaly covering and the condition of its nostrils as plicated sacs, and to the abdominal family of the Maiaeopterygian order of that class, in which it seemed to present an extreme modification 28 Linriean Society. [April 2, or rudimental condition of the fins indicative of a transition from the abdominal to the apodal families. The anatomical details which formed the principal part of the pre- sent communication, confirmed the propriety of referring the Lepi- dosiren to the class of fishes ; but they also led, Mr. Owen observed, to a considerable extension in his original views of its affinities in that class. A minute description was then given of the external characters and peculiarities of the present species, which differed from the Le- pidosiren paradox a in the greater relative length of the head and ru- dimental fins as compared with that of the trunk ; and in its general size, which is three-fourths smaller. The chief peculiarities of the skeleton consist in its imperfect, or rather partial ossification, and in the green colour of the ossified paits ; in which it resembles that of the gar-pike (Belone vulgaris) . The parts which continue permanently in the cartilaginous condition are the petrous elements of the temporal bones containing the acoustic labyrinth, a portion of the articular pedicle of the lower jaw, the branchial arches, and the bodies of the vertebrae : these, moreover, are not separated to correspond with the neurapophyses and ribs, as in Plagiostomous Cartilaginous Fishes, but retain their primitive con- fluent condition as around continuous chord, extending from the oc- ciput to the end of the tail : this vertebral chord consists of an ex- ternal firm, elastic, yellowish capsule, enveloping a softer subgelati- nous material, as in the Cyclostomous Fishes. The corresponding parts or basilar elements of the cranial vertebrae were ossified : and Mr. Owen then entered upon a detailed description of the skull. The ribs are thirty-six pairs, and consist of short, slightly curved, slender styles, encompassing, with the spine, about one-sixth part of the cavity of the abdomen. These ribs are attached to the lower part of the side of the fibrous sheath of the central vertebral chord ; their pointed free extremities are cemented to the intermuscular ligaments. The superior spines are throughout separated from the neurapo- physes, and these are not anchylosed together at their upper extre- mities. Haemapophyseal spines are developed in the caudal region, and both these and the neurapophyseal spines have articulated to them dermo-osseous spines, of equal length, with their distal extre- mities expanded, and supporting the transparent elastic horny raj^s of the caudal fin. The rudimental filiform pectoral and ventral fins were supported each by a single cartilaginous ray composed of many joints. The muscles of the head, jaws, hyoid and branchial apparatus 1839.] Linnean Society. were then described : the muscular system of the body caJnsists of subvertical layers of oblique fibres separated at brief inti^rvals by aponeurotic intersections. The following peculiarities of the Digestive system were then pointed out ; — two long, slightly curved, slender, sharp-pointed teeth project from the intermaxillary bones, which are moveable. The upper maxillary bones support each a single dental plate divi- ded into three cutting lobes, by two oblique notches entering from the outer side : the lower jaw is armed with a single dental plate si- milarly modified, the produced cutting edges fitting into the notches above : these maxillary teeth somewhat resemble the dental plate of the extinct Ceratodus of Agassiz. The fleshy and sensitive parts of the tongue are more developed than in fishes generally. The jaws are adapted to minutely divide and comminute alimentary substances; the pharyngeal opening is contracted ; the entrance to the pharynx guarded by a soft semicircular valvular process. Gullet short, straight, narrow, but longitudinally plicated. Stomach simple, straight, with thick walls, in capacity corresponding with the oesophagus ; termi- nating by a valvular pylorus projecting with a scalloped margin into the intestine. No pancreas or spleen. Liver well-developed, partly divided into two lobes. A gall-bladder, and large ductus choledochus, opening by a valvular termination close to the pylorus. Intestine round, straight, at first of equal diameter with the stomach, but gra- dually contracting to the vent, with thick parietes ; traversed inter- nally by a spiral valve describing six gyrations ; the first of which is the longest. The respiratory organs consist of branchiae, and a double elon- gated air-bladder, with the usual vascular and cellular structure of the lungs of a reptile. The branchice consist of elongated, sub-compressed, soft, pendu- lous filaments, attached to cartilaginous branchial arches ; these arches are not joined together, or to the os hyoides by an interme- diate chain of cartilages or bones below, nor are they articulated to the cranium above. There are six branchial arches on each side, and five intervals for the passage of the water from the mouth to the branchial sac. All the branchial arches do not support branchial filaments ; but only the first, fourth, fifth, and sixth. The first and last branchial arches each support a single row, the fourth and fifth each a double row of branchial filaments. The second and third branchial arches have their full proportions, but offer not the slight- est trace of gills. The branchial sac is pretty large, and opens ex- ternally by a small vertical fissure immediately anterior to the ru- dimental pectoral extremities. 30 L'mnean Society. [A])nl 2, The heart is situate below the oesophagus, in a strong pei-icardium ; it consists of a single auricle and ventricle and a contorted bulbus arteriosus, with a longitudinal valvular process as in the Siren. The two branchial arteries, which wind round the gill-less arches, after- wards unite together on each side, and give oif branches which form the pulmonary arteries, or those which go to the air-bladders. The apparatus for aerial respiration commences by a short, single, wide and membranous trachea, or ductus pneumaticvs, which com- mences by a longitudinal laryngeal slit, one line in extent, situated three lines behind the orifice of the pharynx : a single plate of car- tilage is continued from this laryngeal opening forwards to that of the pharynx : the plate is as broad as the floor of the pharynx, and its office seems to be to prevent the collapse of the parietes of that tube, and to keep a free passage for the air to the trachea. This tube dilates at its lower end into a sac with very thin parietes, which com- municates directly with each division or lobe of the air-bludder. These lobes or lungs are partially subdivided into small lobes at their anterior and broadest part ; and then continue simple and flattened, gradually diminishing to an obtuse point situated behind the poste- rior extremity of the cloaca. The whole of the parietes of the lungs is honey-combed : the cells are largest, deepest and most vascular and subdivided at the anterior and broader end of the lung. The lungs are situated behind the ovaria, the ladneys, and the perito- neum, which is in contact with merely that part of their ventral flattened surfaces, not covered by other viscera. The two kidneys are quite distinct, very long and narrow, but broadest towards the cloaca : the ureters communicate with the back part of the common termination of the oviducts. There were not any suprarenal bodies, nor any spleen. The ovaria are two long, flattened bodies, with ovisacs and ova of diflFerent sizes : many between 2 and 3 lines in diameter, scattered among clusters of other ova of smaller size. The oviducts are distinct tortuous tubes, which commence by a veiy wide and thin-coated portion, opening by a slit, 3 lines wide at their anterior extremity, and not communicating with each other before opening into the pe- ritoneal cavity, as in the Plagiostomes. The oviduct contracts and performs many short undulations, adhering to the ovarian capsule as it descends : its coats become thicker, and oblique spiral folds are developed from the inner surface ; the capacity of the oviduct in- creases before its termination, which is by a single prominent open- ing, common to the two oviducts in the posterior part of the cloaca. A small Allantois is situated between the oviduct and rectum. The cloaca receives the above parts in the following order,- — first, or 1839.] Linnean Society. 31 most anteriorly, the common opening of the peritoneal canals ; se- condly, the anus ; thirdly, the Allantoid bladder ; fourthly, the ovi- ducts, with the ureters, which open into the back part of the ovi- ducts. The brain consists of two elongated subcompressed distinct cere- bral hemispheres ; a single elliptical optic lobe, or representative of the bigeminal bodies ; a simple transverse cerebellar fold, not cover- ing the widely- open fourth ventricle ; largely developed pineal and pituitary glands ; and a single corpus mammillare. The nerves given off from the brain, were the olfactory ; the optic, which arose from the same point at the middle line between the crura cerebri, and did not decussate ; the fifth pair ; the acoustic ; the pneumogastric ; and lingual nerves : there were no traces of the third, fourth, or sixth nerves ; there being no muscles to the eyeballs. The eyes are very small, and adhere to the skin, Avhich passes over them without forming any projection ; they have a small spherical lens, and no choroid gland. The organ of hearing consists of a vestibule enclosed in a thick cartilaginous case, without external communication except for the foramina transmitting the poriio mollis : it consists of two large otolithic sacs, containing each a white chalky mass ; the external one being six times the size of the one next the brain : above these sacs are three small semicircular canals. No trace of tympanic cavity or Eustachian tube. The organ of smell consists of two oval membranous sacs, pli- cated internally, and having each a single external aperture upon the upper lip ; but without any communication with the mouth, — a structure which the author observed was perhaps the only single character which unexceptionably proved the Lepidosiren to be a true fish. The remaining evidence of its ichthyic nature reposed rather upon the concurrence of many less decisive characters. These characters were stated to be, its covering of large round scales ; the mucous ducts of the head and lateral line ; the many- jointed soft ray supporting the rudimental pectoral and ventral fins ; the gelatinous vertebral chord, united anteriorly to the whole of the basi- occipital, and not to two condyles as in Batrachia ; a prae- opercular bone, the intermaxillary bone being moveable ; the lower jaw having each ramus composed simply of a post-mandibular and dentary piece ; the double row of spinous processes, both above and below the vertebral chord ; the green colour of the ossified parts of the skeleton ; the straight intestine, with its spiral valve ; the absence of pancreas and spleen ; the single peritoneal outlet ; the position 32 Limiean Society. [April \Q, of the anus ; the single auricle of the heart ; the number of branchial arches, and the internal position of the gills ; a long lateral nerve ; acoustic labyrinth with large otolithes. These characters, with the nasal sacs opening only externally, prove satisfactorily the Lepido- siren to be a true Fish, and not a Perennibranchiate Reptile. In the class of fishes, Mr. Owen pointed out the interesting rela- tions of the Lepidosircn as a link connecting the Cartilaginous fishes with the Malacopterygians, and especially with the Sauroid genera, Polypterus and Lepidosteus, and at the same time making the near- est approach in the class of fishes to the Perennibranchiate Reptiles. For the species here described Mr. Owen proposed the name of Lepidosiren annectens. It is a native of the river Gambia, Africa. April 16. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. Read, " Remarks on British Lichens and Fungi, principally on species or varieties new to our Flora." By Churchill Babington, Esq. The object of Mr. C. Babington in this paper is to give descrip- tions of some species or varieties of Lichens and Fungi hitherto un- published in any British Flora, and also to communicate observa- tions on the transit of monstrosities to their proper forms. The Lichens brought into notice as not yet introduced into the British Flora are, Lecanora elatina, Ach., from Rose Hall, Cumberland; Sterocaulon denudatum, Florke, (confounded with S. paschale) from Scotland ; Lecidea nitidula. Fries, also from Scotland ; Lecidea mis- cella, Ach., as distinct from L. miscella, Eng. Bot. ; Biatora Kro- ckiana, Hoppe, from Isles of Rum and Skye ; Biatora anomala, Fr., from Yoxall Lodge ; Opegrapha signata, Ach., from Herefordshire ; and Verrucaria margacea, Wahl., from Charnwood Forest. Among the Fungi are, Agaricus Maria, Klotsch ; A. serrulatus, Fr. ; The- lophora ferruginea, Pers. ; T. lactea, Fr. : T. Icevis, Pers. ; Peziza I,edi, Alb. and Schw. ; Stictis lichenicola, Mont. ; Sclerotium ro- seum, KneifF. ; Sphceria scoriadea, Fr. ; -S. mesiota, Bab. ; S. rhy- tismoides, Bab. ; S. arbuticola, Fr. ; S. alnea, Fr. ; S. ostruthii, Fr. ; iS. Depazea, Fr. ; Depazea pyricola, Desm. ; Dothidea choetomium, Kunze ; Stemonitis pulchella, Bab. ; Stilbum aurantiacum, Bab. ; Syzy- gitis megalocarpus, Ehrenb. ; Stibospora macrosperma, Pers. ; Conio- thecium amentaceum, Corda ; and Xenodochus carbonarius, Schl, 1839.] Linnean Society. 33 Read, " On a Gall gathered in Cuba, by W. S. Maclieay, Esq., on the leaf of a plant belonging to the order OchnacecB." By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. The gall is remarkable for its very close resemblance in habit and form to some epiphytous Fungi, for possessing a distinct operculum, and, especially, for bursting through the cuticle, which surrounds it in the form of a few lacinise at the base. Mr. Berkeley pointed out various forms of galls and other productions of insects which have been described as Fungi, but in none is the resemblance so striking as in the present. He regretted that he was not able to throw any light upon the animal by which it is caused, though he was able to state positively that it is an animal production, as in most instances decayed exuviae were found in its cavity, and in one case a little im- perfect grub, which was however unfortunately lost. May 7. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. John Hawkins, M.D., of St. Albans, was elected a Fellow ; and Carl Gustav Carus, M.D., of Dresden, Henri Dutrochet, M.D., and Henri Milne Edwards, M,D., Members of the French Institute, Stephen Endlicher, M.D., of Vienna, and John Torrey, M.D., of New York, were elected Foreign Members of the Society. Read, " Supplementary Observations on the Development of the Theca, and on the Sexes of Mosses." In a letter to R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. By William Valentine, Esq., F.L.S. The author commences his letter by stating that subsequent ob- servations have induced him to concur entirely with the views of Professor Mohl as to the sporules of Mosses being developed by four in a mother cell, a fact which he was led to doubt in his former com- munication printed in the 17th volume of the Society's Transactions. The present paper contains a detailed account of the development of the theca in CEdipodium Griffithianum, which exhibits a beau- tiful example of the tetrahedral union of the sporules. In this moss the four sporules in each mother cell are piled on each other so as to form a cone with a triangular base, and they appear to be connected with each other in the young state by a very minute stalk which is situated at the conjunction of three radiating lines. This connexion No. IV. — ^Pboceedings of the Linnean Society. 34 Linnean Society. [May 24 is perhaps in most instances dissolved at an early period, and the sporules recede a little from each other, but are still kept in the tri- angular form by the mother cell. It is not uncommon however to find the connexion unbroken after the sporules have arrived at ma- turity, and in these instances there seems to be a general adhesion at the opposing faces of the sporules. The author concludes his paper with some remarks on the analogy that exists between sporules and pollen, which he observes, is so re- markable, and the particulars so numerous, that the essential identity of the two can be scarcely a matter of opinion. May 24. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the birthday of Linnaeus, and that appointed in the charter for the election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting, and in stating the number of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year, gave the following notices of some of them : Samuel Brookes, Esq. — Mr. Brookes was devoted to the science of Conchology, and possessed a valuable collection of British and Fo- reign Testacea. He was the author of an Introduction to the Study of Conchology which appeared in 1815. The Rev. Martin Davy, D.D., F.R.S., Master of Caius College, Cambridge. The Rev. Richard Dreyer, LL.B. John Lord Farnham. Charles Holford, Esq. Lawrence Brock Hollinshead, Esq. John Hull, M.D. — Dr. Hull was ardently attached to the study of Botany, and in the midst of an extensive medical practice, he found occasional moments of leisure to devote to the cultivation of his favourite pursuit. "We are indebted to him for the publication of a British Flora in 1799, of which a second edition appeared in 1808 ; and the Elements of Botany, in 2 volumes, 8vo, in 1800. These works, highly creditable to their author, tended to increase the taste for botanical pursuits. 1839.] Linnean Society. 35 Matthew Martin, Esq. — Mr. Martin reached the advanced age of 90, He became a Fellow of this Society in 1791. George Milne, Esq. — Mr. Milne pursued with much ardour the study of Entomology for more than half a century, and his name is familiar to the cultivators of that branch of science in this country^ He possessed an extensive cabinet of insects, particularly rich in Bri- tish and Exotic Lepidoptera. He had retired from London for several years to his native place Johnshaven, Kincardineshire, where he died some months ago at an advanced age. The Rev. Robert Nixon, B.D., F.R.S. William Younge, M.D. — Dr. Younge was the early friend and a fellow student of our late distinguished President and Founder Sir J. E. Smith, and the companion of his tour on the continent in the years 1786 and 1787, of which an account appeared in three volumes 8vo, in 1793, and a second edition in 1807. Dr. Younge was elected a Fellow of this Society at its first institution in March 1788. Amongst the Foreign Members occur M. Frederic Cuvier, Mem- ber of the Academy of Sciences of the French Institute, the younger brother of the great Cuvier, and eminently distinguished as a system- atic zoologist. He was the author of a work on the value of the teeth as affording zoological characters in the class mammalia, and of a number of valuable papers on Descriptive Zoology in the An- nales and Memoires du Museum. He likewise wrote the principal part of the text to the Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, a work which he had undertaken in conjunction with Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Among his last productions may be noticed his Memoire sur les Ger- boises et les Gerbilles, printed in the second volume of the Transac- tions of the Zoological Society of London. He was distinguished, like his brother, for his candour and frankness of character, and a total freedom from those petty jealousies which too often beset men of science. M. Charles de Gimbernat. Gaspard Count Sternberg, Founder and President of the Royal Museum of Natural History at Prague, a distinguished patron of science, and author of a valuable original work on Fossil Plants, which were chiefly obtained from his own coal ndnes in Bohemia, and of an excellent Monograph of the genus Saxifraga, illustrated by coloured figures. To him we are indebted for the recovery of the vegetable treasures collected by Hsenke in Peru, Cochabamba, and in the Phihppines, whither he had accompanied the Spanish voyage of discovery under the celebrated, but unfortunate, Malaspina. ITiese interesting plants have been published by Presl, under the auspices 36 Linnean Society. [June 4, of Count Sternberg, in a work entitled ' Reliquiae Haenkeanse.' Count Sternberg was distinguished for his mrbanity, hospitality, and an eager desire to promote every useful work. He left his collections and books of Natural History to the Museum already mentioned. Among the Associates are the following : Mr. John Hunneman. — Mr. Hunneman having been long the me- dium of communication between the botanists of this country and those of Germany, Switzerland, and Russia, our collections have been enriched through his means with a vast variety of new and in- teresting plants, A curious Mexican genus, belonging to the natural family Papaveracea, bears his name, and commemorates the services rendered by him to science. Mr. George Penny. — He was well acquainted with the plants which he successfully cultivated, and was the author of the ' Hortus Epsomensis', and of several papers on Garden Botany in Mr. Loudon's Gardener's Magazine. Mr. William Weston Young made the drawings for Mr. Dillwyn's valuable work on British Confervse, and a series of drawings of Bri- tish birds now in the possession of Mr. Yarrell. The President also announced that twenty Fellows, five Foreign Members, and two Associates had been elected since the last An- niversary. At the election, which subsequently took place, the Lord Bishop of Norwich was re-elected President ; Edward Forster, Esq., Treasurer ; Francis Boott, M.D., Secretary; and Richard Taylor, Esq., Under- Secretary. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council in the room of others going out, viz. W. J. Burchell, Esq., J. W. Lubbock, Esq., Hugh Duke of Northumberland, John Forbes Royle, M.D., and William Yarrell, Esq. June 4. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P. in the Chair. Mr. George William Francis was elected a Fellow of the Society. Read, " Further Observations on the Spongillafluviatilis, with some remarks on the nature of the Spongia Marina." In a letter to the Secretary, by John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. 1839.] Linnean Society. 37 In the latter portion of this letter the author endeavours (in addi- tion to what has been already stated at p, 8,) to demonstrate the ve- getability of the river sponge, from the following facts, which were obtained by many experiments made by him upon that substance during the last two summers. 1 . From the general resemblance of the membrane which invests the soft portion or jelly with the membrane or cuticle of the leaves of many plants. 2. From this gelatinous or soft portion being so similar to the parenchymatous substance of the more fleshy kinds of leaves, and being chiefly composed of numerous pellucid globules. 3. From the green colouring matter or chromule contained in those globules, on being pressed out, giving a permanent green or yellow- ish-green colour to white paper, as is the case with the chromule of leaves. 4. From strong acids having the same eff'ects on this sponge as they are seen to have upon plants when they are macerated in them. 5. From the mode in which numerous bubbles of gas, most pro- bably oxygen, are disengaged from the surface of the living mass of Spongilla, when exposed to the brightest solar light, being so ex- tremely analogous to that which is known to occur with the leaves of a plant when immersed in water and submitted to the direct ac- tion of the light of the sun. As to the currents of water which take place in the Spongilla flu- viatilis, and are so similar to those which have been noticed by Dr. Grant and other authors in the sea sponges, and relied upon by them as the best evidence of their supposed animal nature, Mr. Hogg has, after many careful experiments, never been able to witness them taking place in any specimens which have been entirely destitute of every parasitical insect or other animal ; he therefore concludes that these currents are caused by some insect, which is seen so generally to inhabit nearly every specimen of the Spongilla ; and by means of the animal's performing the function of respiration, the streams or currents of water are found to enter into and flow out from the pores or oscules of that structure. But if on future investigation it shall be proved that these currents do occur in such individual masses of the Spongilla fluviatilis as are quite free from every parasite, Mr. Hogg would then consider that they are effected by the same agents as cause the motions or circulation of the fluids in vegetables. The author has not perceived any trace of animal organization, or the least symptom of sensation, or any powers of contraction and di- latation in this species of sponge, although he has applied to it, when in a fresh and vigorous state, several sorts of powerful stimuli. 38 Linnean Society ^ [June 4, He next showed that no arguments in support of the fancied ani- mality of the Spongilla can be brought forward, either from its smell- ing like carrion or animal matter, or from numerous spiculae being present in its composition. And the manner in which he raised young Spongilla from the seed-like sporidia and locomotive sporules makes it perfectly conclusive that this freshwater sponge cannot be, as Montagu supposed, the nidus of some aquatic insect, although such an opinion might, without those successful experiments, have been somewhat confirmed by the author's discovery of an unknown and anomalous insect, which he has at present only observed inhabit- ing this production. Some specimens of this small insect were ex- hibited, and presented to the Society. Mr. Hogg concluded his letter with some general remarks on the nature of the Spongia marina. He stated that hitherto he had al- ways accounted these substances as being principally composed of an animate or live jelly, which was endowed, as some authors af- firmed, with a certain degree of sensation, and consequently had, fourteen years ago, instituted for them an order " Gelatinifera," which he arranged the last among the Polyparia Composita. That on becoming convinced by his late researches on the river sponge of its vegetability, he began in some measure to concur in the opinion of Montagu, that that substance might probably be quite distinct from the sea sponge, and to think that the latter might still be of an animal nature ; but, on a more recent examination and comparison of the Spongilla with many of the Spongia, he has found that there exist no real grounds for that opinion, and that there scarcely is even a generic difference between them. The author then compared the freshwater sponge with the sea sponge, and showed, among other extreme resemblances in their structure and composition, that many of the latter possess similar seed-like bodies or sporidia, as well as the locomotive germ-like bo- dies or sporules which have been described by Dr. Grant. Mr. Hogg concludes, if the currents of water do flow in and issue out from the sea sponge, independent of the function of respiration of any marine insect or parasitical animal nestling within it, that then they are caused by the same means which effect the motions of fluids in plants, and that these currents convey nutriment to the in- ner parts of the sponge, after the same manner as food is supplied to vegetables. He observed that neither the odours of the fresh, dried, and burnt sponges, nor the presence of ammonia in them, af- forded proofs of their animality, and that there really is no more pe- culiarity in their chemical composition than what likewise exists in that of certain plants. 1839.] Linnean Society. 39 Mr. Hogg therefore maintains it to be impossible to account the Spongilla as belonging to the vegetable kingdom and the Spongia to the animal ; and since he has become sure of the former, and since the Spongia is now known to possess neither one organ nor a single property peculiar to an animal, he has been at length forced to ac- knowledge the vegetable nature of the Spongia. Moreover, the fact of Dr. Grant having witnessed the locomotive sporules of some of the sea sponges germinating and developing themselves after the forms of their parent structures, at once decides that they cannot be the nidus or matrix, or the fabrication or produc- tion of any marine animal. Lastly, Mr. Hogg, considering to what order of plants the fresh- water and the sea sponges should be referred, proposed to classify them in a separate order " Spongiae," which ought to be placed between the orders Fungi and Algae. June 18. Mr. Forster, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read a letter addressed to him by the President no- minating the four following Members of the Council to be Vice-Pre- sidents for the year ensuing, commencing the 24th of last month, viz. Robert Brown, Esq. ; Edward Forster, Esq. ; Thomas Horsfield, M.D. ; Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. The V. P., in the chair, read a notice, addressed to the Society from Upsal, announcing the death of Louisa von Linne, the third and last surviving daughter of Linnaeus, which took place at Upsal, on the 21st of March last, at the very advanced age of 90. Read " A Biographical Sketch of Ferdinand Bauer, Natural Hi- story Painter to the Expedition under Capt. Flinders." By Dr. John Lhotsky. Communicated by the Secretary. Ferdinand Bauer, the celebrated Natural History Painter and Tra- veller, was bom in the year 1760, at Feldsberg in Austria, where his father held the appointment of Painter to Prince Lichtenstein. In the year 1775 we find him employed by the Rev. Norbert 40 lAnnenn Society » [June 18, Boccius, of the same place, to make miniature paintings of plants from nature. In 1784, while still in the same employment, he was through the recommendation of the elder Jacquin engaged by Dr. Sibthorp to accompany him in his first Journey to Greece, and on his return he was for several years occupied in finishing the numerous drawings of plants made in that journey, and which prove him to have been, even at that period, a very accurate observer, as well as a highly ac- complished artist. In 1801 he was selected by Sir Joseph Banks as the Natural Hi- story Painter in the voyage of Capt. Flinders. From this expedition he returned to Europe in 1805, bringing with him no less than 1600 finished sketches of plants, besides numerous drawings of animals, of equal merit, and for several years was engaged in finishing a se- lection of his drawings of plants, which are deposited at the Admi- ralty, the board by which he was employed. After the Investigator was condemned as unfit for the prosecution of the voyage, and Capt. Flinders had left New Holland to return to Europe, Mr. Bauer, along with Mr. Brown, remained in New South Wales, chiefly at Port Jackson ; but he also visited and remained a considerable time in Norfolk Island, where he diligently collected and made drawings of all the plants of that remarkable island, and from his materials Dr. Endlicher has lately published his very interesting ' Prodromus Florae Norfolkiceae.' In 1813 Mr. Bauer commenced the publication of a work entitled ' Illustrationes Florae Novae HoUandiae,' which did not extend beyond three numbers, and of these the last was finished at Vienna, where he had returned in 1814. This work met with very little encou- ragement, either in this country or in his own. In the vicinity of Vienna he continued to reside, employing him- self in drawing the more remarkable plants that flowered in the im- perial gardens of that capital, and even in making occasional bota- nical excursions into the Austrian and Styrian Alps. Besides the works already noticed, during his stay in England he prepared the greater part of the drawings of the first volume of Mr. Lambert's work on the genus Pinus, and the plates of that work were chiefly coloured by him. He also prepared a series of drawings of the spe- cies of Digitalis, which have since been published by Dr. Lindley, in his ' Digitalium Monographia.' Mr. Bauer was seized with a severe illness in 1825, which termi- nated in his death on the 17th of March 1826, having attained the age of 66. 1839.] Linnean Society. 41 Read, " A Notice of a Plant which produces perfect Seeds without any apparent action of Pollen on the Stigma." By Mr. John Smith, A.L.S. The subject of the present notice belongs to the natural family of Euphorbiacea, and has been cultivated for several years in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, under the name of Saphim aquifoUum. It is a native of Moreton Bay, on the east coast of New Holland, where it was discovered by Mr. AUan Cunningham, who sent three plants of it to Kew in 1829. A short time after their introduction the plants flowered, and they proving to be all females, they were na- turally passed over as belonging to a dioecious })lant, until Mr. Smith's attention was particularly drawn to them by the fact of their producing perfect seeds. They have annually flowered and matured their seeds since, and notwithstanding the most diligent search and constant attention no male flowers or any pollen-bearing organs have been detected. Young plants have been raised at diff'erent times from the seeds, and they bear so close a resemblance to their parents that it is scarcely possible even to suspect the access of pollen from any other plant. Mr. Smith considers the plant as the type of a new genus, which he names Conlebogyne . It forms an irregularly branched, rigid, ever- green shrub, of about three feet in height, with alternate, petiolate, elliptical, mucronate, coriaceous leaves, having three large spinous teeth on each side, and furnished with two small subulate persistent stipules. The paper was accompanied by a young plant raised from seed produced at Kew, and by a beautiful drawing of the parts of fructification from the pencil of ]\Ir. Francis Bauer. Read also, " Descriptions of newly discovered Spiders." By John Blackwall, Esq., F.L.S. This paper comprises descriptions of new species of Spiders, re- cently discovered, and principally by the author himself, in the north of England and Wales, and it must be confessed that the success which has attended his labours in this department is greater than could have been anticipated, no fewer than fifty-three species having been added by him to the catalogue. Much of tliis success is to be attributed to the fact of his attention having been chiefly directed to those species which, on account of their diminutive size, require the aid of optical instruments, of a high magnifjing power, for their accurate examination. The genera to which the species chiefly belong are Drassus, CIu- biona,Lycosa,Agelena, Theridmn, JValckenaera, Neriene and Linyphia. No. V. — Proceedings of the Linneax Society. 42 Linnean Society. [Nov. 5, November 5. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The Society assembled this evening for the Session. Beriah Botfield, Esq., of Norton Hall, Northampton, was elected a Fellow of the Society. The Rev. William Wood, B.D., F.L.S., exhibited specimens of a variety of Typha angustifolia, remarkable for its small size, and the shortness of its female catkins, collected by him in the extensive marshes situate between Sandwich and Deal. Read, " Descriptions of some new Insects collected in Assam, by William Griffith, Esq., Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service." By the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., F.R.S. & L.S. The insects described in this paper, some of which are remarkable for their size and splendid colours, were mostly collected in Assam by Mr. Griffith, during the stay of the late Scientific Mission from Calcutta, to which he was attached. They chiefly belong to the longicom beetles, and to the family of Lamiadce. The following are the characters of the new genera and species : LAMIA. 1. L. Horsfieldii. Long. lin. 26 ; lat. lin. S^. Corpus cinereum ; antennis corpore longioribus elytrisque flavo-creta- ceis maculisque ornatis, antennae articulis tribus priniis subscabris. This species, which has been named in compliment to Dr. Hors- field, is the largest of the family, and is nearly related to L. catenata of De Haan from Japan. G. N. EUOPLIA. Corpus subdepressum. Antennce lamiasformes, fere ut in OmacanthS. Thorax utrinque spinosus, dovso punctulatus. Elytra depressa, api- cibus 2-spinosis, spina suturali minora, lateraJibus majoribus. In re- liquis cum Lamia convenit. 1. E.polyspila. Besides the one enumerated, the author possesses five other species, all natives of India, and which are still undescribed. G. N. OPLOPHORA. Cfl;?M< fere quadratum. M andibulce iaXciiormes. ^w, perigyniis ovatis acutis rostellatis ore integro tenuissimis compressis binerviis squama oblonga mutica v. mucronulata longioribus latiori- busque. C. Mertensii, Prescott, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. t. 217. C. Columbiana, Dewey. Hab. in Americas Ora Boreali-Occidentali, A. Menzies, Esq. ; ad fl. Co- lumbia, Dr. Scolder ; in Insula Sitcha, ex Bongard. 11. C. CRiNALis, spicis 3 — 5 oblongis congestis sessilibus erectis olivaceo- ferrugineis : termiuali majore androgyna basi mascula : reliquis foemi- neis bracteatis evaginatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ellipticis triquetris conico-rostratis bifidis glabris striato-nervosis ferrugineis squama aequi- lata ovata obtusa v. acuta rarivis mucronulata longioribus. Hab. in Columbia prope Antisana, Hartweg, no. 1461 {Herb. Bentham) ; Pillylum, Jameson (Herb. Hooker). Affinis C. hirsiitcB, Willd. 12. C. NIVALIS, spicis 4 atro-purpureis cuneatis v. ellipticis contiguis; su- perioribus androgynis basi masculis ; infima fceminea exserte pedun- culata subremota brevi setaceo-bracteata, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis el- lipticis erosiratis bidentatis superne ad margines scabriusculis enerviis compressis atro-purpureis basi albidis tenuissimis squama atro-purpurea lanceolata mucronata longioribus latioribusque. Hab. in India Orientali, supra Dhunrao, versus fauces Montium Himalen- sium Mana dictas, ad altitudinem 16,000 ped., M. P. Edgeworth, Esq. Facies C. atratce, L. ; C. coriophoree, Fisch. affinior. 1845.] Linnean Society. 257 13. C. ciNNAMOMEA, spici's 5 cjlindricis nutantibus basi attenuatis ferru- gineis concoloribus; terminali androgyna basi mascula reliquis fceniineis : superioribus coiitiguis sessilibus : inferioribus pedunculatis : infima re- mota longe exserte vaginato-bracteata basi composita, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ovalibus bidentatis enerviis compressis ferrugiueis basi albi- dis superne marginibus pallidis scabriusculis squama oblouga acuta vel cuspidata ferruginea longioribus latioribusque. Hab. in India Orientali, Prof. Boyle. C. coriophorcE, Fisch. affinis. 14. C. Banksii, spicis 3 — 7 oblongis ovatisque crassis atro-purpureis ex- serte pedunculatis nutantibus ; suprema basi mascula ; reliquis foemi- neis infima remota, stigmatibus 3 longis, perigyniis hyalino-tenuissimis late ovatis compressis leviter nervosis cylindrico-rostratis glabris ore obliquo bifido squama oblongo-spatliulata emarginata cristata breviori- bus latioribusque. C. atrata et C. Magellanica, Herb. Banks. Hab. in Terra del Fuego, Banks et Solander (v. etiam in Herbb. Henslow et-Hooker e eel. Darwin, sub num. 300 et 301). 15. C. Walkeri, spica composita e spiculis pluribus androgynis apice masculis fasciculatis cylindricis laxifloris inaequalibus exserte setaceo- pedunculatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis angustis triquetro-lanceolatis longe-rostratis bicuspidatis stipitatis nervosis marginibus superne ser- rato-scabris squama lanceolata cristata longioribus. C. Walkeri, Jrnott 3ISS. Hab. in Insula Ceylon {Herb. Arnott). C. validce, Nees proxima. 16. C. HoRSFiELDii, glaucescens concolor, spicis 4 v. 5 decompositis erectis strictis alternis : inferioribus longe exserte pedunculatis remotis : terminali majore evaginata ; spiculis apice masculis oblongis alternis patentibus, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis triquetro-ellipticis acuminato- rostratis bidentatis oblique fissis arcuatim recurvis nervosis superne parce serrato-denticulatis squama ovata albo-membranacca hispido- aristata nervo viridi scabriusculo longioribus. Hab. in Insula Java, Dr. Horsjield. Affinis C. polystachijce, Willd. 17. C. LEicANTHA, spica dccomposita e spiculis parvis androgynis apice masculis ; terminalibus et infra ad apicem pedunculorum congesto-ses- silibus axillaribus ; spicis partialibus 4^ — 6 alternis plus minus compo- sitis : inferioribus remotis elongatis exserte pedunculatis : superioribus approximatis abbreviatis sessilibus, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis trigono- ellipticis acuminatis rostratis alte oblique fissis striato-nervosis scabris squama ovata hispido-mucronata pallida nervosa duplo longioribus. C. leucantha, Arnott MSS. Hab. ad Courtallum, in Penins. Indiae Orientalis, Wight {Herb. Wight, 258 Linnean Society. [June 17, 2379 a, "July 1838, no. 993," juvenilis; 2379 b. var. composita; "Aug. 1835, no. 992, 998," senilis). 18. C. Jamesoni, spicis circiter 20 fusco-nigris cylindricis androgynis apice masculis inaequaliter longe pedunculatis bracteatis evaginatis pen- dulis simplicibus compositisque : extremis solitariis : reliquis geminatis ternatisve, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis lanceolatis uti'inque nei-vosis in rostrum breve attenuatis bidentatis glabris atro-purpureis squama lan- ceolata hispido-cuspidata fusco-nigra margine albo-membranacea bre- vioribus angustioribusque. Hah. in Montibus Columbise, ad altit. 13,000 ped., Jameson (Herb. Hooker). Proxima C. Boryance, Schk. June 17. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Read a continuation of Dr. Boott's paper entitled " Caricis spe- cies novae vel minus cognitae." The species now described are fifteen in number, characterized as follows : — 1. C. GuNNiANA, spicis 4 V. 5 oblongis v. cylindricis erectis; terminali mascula sessili ; foemineis 3 v. 4 superioribus sessilibus contiguis : infe- rioribus remotis foliaceo-bracteatis exserte pedunculatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis trigono-ellipticis subinflatis acuminato-rostratis bidentatis ad margines superne scabriusculis stramineis aequaliter utrinque nervosis squama late ovata mucronata v. hispido-cuspidata longioribus. Hah. in Insula Van Diemen, D. Gunn (Herhb. Hooker et Lindley). AflSnis C. laxijlorcB, Lam., et C. Icevigatce, Smith. 2. C. coMosA, spicis 4 cylindricis densifloris ; mascula 1 erecta gracili bracteata; fcemineis 3 — 5 crassis demum nutantibus v. pendulis lon- gissime bracteatis : superioribus contiguis : infima remota longius pe- dunculata interdum plus minus vaginata, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis tri- quetro-lanceolatis longe rostratis alte bicuspidatis : laciniis elongatis patentissimis subrecurvis : stipitatis glabris nervosis demiim divergen- tibus retroflexisque squama lanceolate hirsuta ciliata nervosa longe hispido-aristata longioribus. C. furcata, Ell. {non Lapeyr.) C. pseudo-cyperus, Torr., Dew. {non L.) Hub. in Georgia et Carolina, Elliott ; Ohio, Sullivant ; Philadelphia et Utica, Torrey ; Boston, Boott. 1845.] Linnean Society. 259 Satis (Elliottio Nuttallioque monentibus) a C. pseudo-cypero, L., etiam Americse Septentrionalis incola, distincta. 3. C. TRiQUETRA, spicis 3 V. 4 ; mascula 1 elliptico-cylindrica ; foemineis 2 V. 3 approximatis laxis apice masculis : suprema ovatd sessili : infimS cylindrica basi attenuata longe vaginata incluse pedunculata, stigma- tibus 3, perigyniis ellipticis acute triquetris pubescentibus bidentatis sub-4-iierviis squama ovata mucronata ferruginea margine scariosa longioribus. Hab. in California, Nutlall. Proxima C. gynoiasis, Vill. (C. alpestris, All.) 4. C. GLOBosA, spicis 4 — 6 ; mascula 1 cylindrica ; foemineis 3 — 5 ovatis oblongisve erectis evaginatis laxe paucifloris : superioribus 1 v. 2 sub- sessilibus masculae approximatis : inferioribus remotis subradicalibus longe pedunculatis, stigmatibus 3, pei'igyniis globosis conico-rostratis ore membranaceo obliquo longe stipitatis hirsuto-scabris nervosis squa-' mam lanceolatam mucronatam subaequantibus. Hah. in California, Nuttall. AfRnis C. bispicata, Hook. (C longerostrata, Meyer, C. catnschatcense, Kunth.) 5. C. Tweediana, spicis 8 cylindricis erectis; terminali mascula simplici; reliquis andi'ogynis apice masculis compositis : superioribus approxi- matis sessilibus : inferioribus pedunculatis evaginatis : infima remota longissime exserte pedunculata, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ovatis acumi- natis brevi-rostratis bifurcatis basi abrupte productis quasi stipitatis scabris nervosis stramineis purpureo-maculatis vel olivaceis squamam ovatam pallidam hispido-aristatam trinervem subaequantibus. C. Tweediana, Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. p. 398. Hab. ad Buenos Ayres, Tweedie {Herb. Fielding). Affinis C. hirtce, L., et C. Houghfonii, Torr. 6. C. FALEATA, spicis 7 — 10 cyliudricis erectis ; masculis 2 — 4 sessilibus contiguis : infima bracteata ; foemineis 5 — 7 remotis foliaceo-bracteatis exserte pedunculatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis triquetro-obovatis brevi- rostratis bifidis apice bispidis nervosis impresso-punctulatis squamam ovatam byalino-paleaceam hispido-cuspidatam subaequantibus. Hab. in Insula Juan Fernandez, Dr. Scouler {Herb. Hooker). Affinitas dubia. 7. C. Langsdorffii, spicis 3 v. 4 oblongis ; mascula 1 ; foemineis 2 v. 3 laxifloris bracteatis exserte pedunculatis : superioribus contiguis : in- fima subremota, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis triquetro-fusiformibus biden- tatis nervosis hirto-scabris squama lanceolata hispido-cuspidata brevi- oribus. C. Japonica, Fisch. in Herb. Boott. Hab. in Insula Nangasaki Japoniae, Langsdorff. A C. Japonica, Thunb. i{Schk. Car. t. W.W.) perigyniis scabris spicisque gracilibus distincta. 260 Linnean Society. - [June 17? 8. C Bong AUDI, spicis 4 cylindricis erectis alleinis stramineo-pallidis concoloribus ; mascula 1 pedunculala; fcemineis 3 ajjice masculis basi attenuatis laxe imbricatis : inferioribus exserte pedunculatis bracteatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ellipticis stipitatis late rostratis bicuspidatis superne serrato-hispidis striato-nervosis squama oblonj^a emarginata hispido-avistata brevioribus angustiovibusque. Hab. ad Bonin Insul. Loo Choo, Bongard, no. 70 {Herb, Hooker). C. trichocarpce, Muhl. et afRnibus proxima. 9. C. Jackiana, spic^ mascula 1 oblongo-cylindrica ; fcemineis 4 v. 5 : superioribus oblongis contiguis sessilibus : inferioribus vaginalis longe exserte pedunculatis : infima remotissima elongata laxifloia interdum composita, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis triquetro-lanceolatis acuminatis striato-nervosis emarginatis squama ovato-acuminata aristata longi- oribus. Hab. in Insula Java, Dr. Horsfield. Habitu et aspectu C. pubescenti, Muhl. affinis. 10. C. ^thiopica, spicis 4 v. 5 cylindricis erectis castaneis concoloribus ; mascula 1 ; fcemineis 3 v. 4 : superioribus approximatis incluse reliquis exserte pedunculatis : infima remota, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ovatis triquetris rostratis bifurcatis nervosis sanguineo-maculatis squama ovato- lanceolala emarginata hispido-aristata brevioribus angustioribusque vel longioribus. C. ^thiopica, Schk. t. Z. f. 83. Hab. in Africa Australi ; CafFer-land, Dr. Gill (Herb. Hooker) ; Uiten- hage, Zeyher, no. 684 (^Herb. Hooker). 11. C. Arnottian.a, spicis 5 cylindricis erectis contiguis; terminali mas- cula ; reliquis fcemineis : inferioribus vaginalis inserte pedunculatis : superioribus sessilibus ebracteatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis subinflatis ellipticis acuminatis cylindrico-rostratis bidentatis nervosis glabris oli- vaceo-viridibus squama lanceolata aristata longioribus. C. Neesiana, ArnottMSS. (iion Endlich.) — (^Herb. Arnott). Hab. in Insula Ceylon, Dr. Wight, " 1836, no. 1295." AfRnitas cum C.paludosd, Gooden. 12. C. Sinai, glauca, spicis cylindricis gracilibus erectis ; mascula 1 ; fcemineis 4 inferioribus remotis exserte pedunculatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis elliptico-lanceolatis triquetris nervosis brevi-rostratis bifidis apice hispidis squama ferruginea emarginata obtusa mucronata longi- oribus. C. distans, L. var., Unio Itin. no. 176, 1835. Hab. " in fontanis ad radices Montis Sinai," Schimper. C. dilutee, Bieb. affinis. 13. C. ABBREviATA, birsuta, spicis 3 v. 4 oblongis approximatis sessilibus ; terminali mascula; reliquis fcemineis : inferioribus brevi-bracteatis eva- ginatis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis trigono-obovatis abrupte brevi-rostratis 1845.] Liunean Society. 261 ore integro nervosis squama ovata mucrouata fernigined marginc mem- branaced longioribus. C. abbreviata, Prescotl MSS. Hub, in Sibiria Altaica {Herb. Fielding, olitn Prescutl). Proxinia C. striatee, Br. 14. C. Gebleri, spica mascula 1 v. 2 cylindrica; foemineis 2 v. 1 oblongis V. cylindricis remotis pedunculatis erectis evaginato-bracteatis, stigma- tibus 3, perigyniis ovatis brevi latiuscuieque rostratis bicuspidatis lu- cidis nervosis purpureis squama ovata mucronala v. bispido-aristata purpurea margine membranacea longioi-ibus. C. Gebleri, Prescolt MSS. Hab. in Sibiria Altaica? Gebler (Herb. Fielding). C. rotundatce, Wahlenb. similis. C. vesicariat Bunge MSS. e China Bo- reali difFert soliim perigyniis ellipticis, squamis masculis muticis {v. s. in Herb. Fielding). 15. C. Darwinii, spica mascula pedunculata solitaria?; foemineis G — 10 cylindricis elongatis nutantibus remotis foliaceo-bracteatis evaginatis inaequaliter pedunculatis geminatis (ernatisque : inferioribus solitariis, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis ellipticis stipitatis nervosis brevi-rostratis ore integro papilloso asperatis squama lanceolata acuminata ferruginea latioribus brevioribusque. Hab. in Archipelago Chonas Americse Australis, Darwin, no. 304 {Herb. Henslow) . Read also " Characters of undescribed species of British Chalci- dites." By Francis "Walker, Esq., F.L.S. &c. The following are the characters of the species described : — 1. Pteromalus acrotatus? , viridis, abdomine cupreo, antennis piceis, pedibus fulvis ; coxis femoribusque basi viridibus, alis fuscis. — Long. Corp. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. Ig, Hah. in Scotia, prope Lanark, mense Julio. 2. Pteromalus suNiDES^et ? , viridis, abdomine teneo ; maris fulvo-ma- culato, antennis nigris, pedibus maris flavis foeminse fulvis ; femoribus fusco-variis, alis limpidis. — Long. corp. lin. \\; alar. lin. If — 2. Hab. in Scotia, prope Edinam, Dr. Greville. 3. Pteromalus Odites $ , cupreus, abdomine basi viridi, antennis piceis, pedibus flavis, alis limpidis. — Long. corp. lin. 1^ ; alar. lin. 2. Hab. in Scotia, prope Edinam, Dr. Greville. 4. Pteromalus Bubaris ? , aeneo- viridis, abdomine cupreo, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis ; femoribus fusco-cinctis, alis limpidis. — Long, corp. lin. f ; alar. lin. l^. Hub. in Scotia, prope Edinam, Dr. Greville. 5. Pteromalus Nestocles^ et ? , viridis, abdominis disco aeneo vcl No. XXVII. — Proceedings op the Lij(rNBAN Society. 263 Linnean Society. [June 17, cupreo, antennis fuscis piceisve, pedibiis fulvis flavisve ; femoribus viri- dibus, alis sublimpidis. — Long. corp. lin. f — | ; alar. lin. 1 — 1^. Hab. in Scotia, prope Edinam, Dr. Greville, Rev. G. T. Rudd. 6. Pteromalus CERciDES(?et? , viridis, abdoniine cupreo, antennis ni- gris, pedibus fulvis ; femoribus viridibus, alis limpidis. — Long. corp. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. li. Hab. in Cambria Boreali, mense Septembri captus. Feeminse abdomen ovale subtiis carinatum. 7. Pteromalus EcTioN figure of the apparatus at its base. Among the fragments may be seen numerous separated specimens of the stomatic apparatus. This is described by Dr. Bird as oval in outline, nearly flat, and measuring in its long diameter g-g^oth of an inch. It consists of a frame of silex formed of two pieces, thick at their convexities, thin at their con- cavities, nearly touching above and below, and grasping between them two long and flat structures, fissured (apparently) in a pectinate manner, and tapering from their middle towards either end. In most specimens an opening exists between these structures ; in others they are quite in contact. In some the thinner and laminated por- tions of the frame are perforated by three well-defined apertures, but this is by no means constant. The apparatus thus consists essen- tially of four pieces, viz. two curved frames with their laminse and two linear pectinated structures ; and these are placed at the base of a conical eminence opening by a transverse fissure. By what means it is retained in its position Dr. Bird has not been able satisfactorily to ascertain. April 7. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Thomas Henry Brain, Esq., LL.D., and Charles Csesar Corsellis, Esq., M.D., were elected Fellows. Read a " Note on the Generation of Aphides." By George New- port, Esq., F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, &c. In this note the author states his object to have been the verifica- tion by his own observations of those made by Leeuwenhoek, Bonnet, Reaumur and others, preparatory to attempting hereafter tor show the accordance of those observations with some universal law of re- production. The points to which his attention was more particularly directed were, first, whether the Aphis is really viviparous at one season and oviparous at another ; and secondly, whether the sup- posed ova are true eggs, or, as some have imagined, merely capsules designed for the protection of the already-formed embryos during the winter season. On the 30th of November Mr. Newport ol)served the deposition of the egg by the female Aphis, and found it to be a true e^^, similar 1846.] Linnean Society, 293 to that of other insects, composed of an orange-coloured yolk, formed of yellow nucleated cells, surrounded by a very small quantity of transparent vitelline fluid, and containing a very large germinal vesicle with a distinct macula or nucleus. On the 2nd of December the females were again seen to produce living young, and Mr. New- port describes the process of parturition which he then observed. These observations confirm the statements of former naturalists on both the points inquired into, and negative the presumption raised with reference to the capsular character of the egg by proving it to possess all the characters of a true ovum. Read also a portion of Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's " Commentary on the 8th book of the Hortus Malabaricus of Rheede." April 21. Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Ward, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the dried plant and fruit of Uncaria procumbens, Burchell, from South Africa ; and also a por- tion of the stipes of a fern from New Plymouth, New Zealand, pro- bably belonging to Pteris esculenta, Sol., measuring several feet in length. Mr. Carrington, from whom the latter specimen was ob- tained, stated that the species of fern from which it was obtained grows, in the neighbourhood of the coast, to the height of five feet, in masses of from six to seven feet diameter, so strong and dense as to be capable, if a cover were thrown over it, of sustaining the weight of a man. On the margin of the bushland it attains a height of twenty-one feet, and Mr. Carrington has observed it on the banks of a river, when interlaced and matted together, to measure thirty feet. Read a paper " On the Development of Starch and Chlorophylle." By Edwin John Quekett, Esq., F.L.S. &c. Mr. Quekett commences by referring to the observations and opi- nions of Miiller, Miinter and Nageli on the subject of the formation of starch and chlorophylle in the cells of plants, and to his own ob- servations, recorded in the 'PharmaceuticalJoumal.'vol.iii. 1843-44, 294 Linnean Society. [April 21, on the growth of starch in the leaves of Vallisneria spiralis. Miiller, he states, has observed that in the cells of Chara crinita, the cyto- blast becomes hoUow, enlarges, and fiUs the cell-membrane in which it is contained, and ultimately becomes the reservoir for granules of starch ; while Nageli has observed that in Caulerpa prolifera, at the period of the formation of starch, the cells contain several smaller cells, in each of which are developed generally from three to four grains of starch. In order to observe the growth of starch and chlo- rophylle, Mr. Quekett examined in several plants the organs in which those substances are generally situated, and found that their forma- tion took place, in the majority of instances, in the following manner. In the very young stem of Circaa Lutetiana, or the young branch of the Grape- Vine, the different appearances presented by the grains of starch from their perfect state down to their first commencement may be readily observed by making numerous sections from the lowermost internode up to the terminal joint. The cells most re- cently formed are so filled with mucilage and granules as to be opake ; lower down the granules begin to disappear and the cytoblast is ap- parent ; still lower the cytoblast appears to have lost its granular • character without having much increased in size, and has become a minute cell with a distinct nucleus, instead of a congeries of gra- nules with a larger central one. On the outside of this nucleated cell, granules (varying in number from ten to twenty) make their appearance, at first very minute and of a green hue, and afterwards enlarging and becoming colourless ; and as they increase in size the nucleated cell is absorbed and the granules become free. At a later period a multiplication of the granules takes place by fission and pullulation, certain grains exhibiting marks of subdivision, and others having minute granules attached to them ; and generally more grains of starch are found in a cell than the number of minute granules seen developing on the nucleus. Several of these stages are more readily seen in the tuber of the Potato. If a slice be removed from its exterior so thin as only to pass beneath the cuticle, and a very thin and perfectly transparent slice be then taken and examined under the microscope, the cells in the central portion are seen to contain only a few grains of starch, while in approaching the sides of the section the grains become smaller and pass gradually into the nature of chlorophylle. On di- recting attention to those parts of the section, in which the cell- contents pass gradually from the state of starch to that of chloro- phylle, many cells are seen to contain a distinct nucleated cell, ap- parently of a flattened or lenticular form, on the edge of which are 1846.] Linnean Society. 295j arranged a number of minute granules ; in others the appearances are more advanced, the granules gradually hecoming larger and the nucleated cell becoming obliterated. From the disturbance that takes place in the position of the granules after detachment from the nucleated cell, it is difficult to determine by what part they were adherent to it ; but Mr. Quekett believes that this adherence takes place at the end at which the point or hilum is observed. Subse- quent to this period the grains of starch enlarge, become laminated, and are multiplied in the manner already pointed out by various observers. Such are the results of Mr. Quekett's observations on Exogenous plants ; in Endogenous plants he states that the same process does not appear to be in all cases pursued, inasmuch as while the rhizoma of Iris germanica affords a favourable example for the exhibition of the process as above described, the young stem of Lilhan bulbiferum offers the following differences. Sections taken from the base of a young stem within the bulb have their cells full of starch-grains ; at the height of an inch from the base of the stem, the cells are filled with fluid only, and each cell contains a cytoblast with its contents presenting a milky hue. Carrying on the sections from above down- wards within these limits, the cells are first found to become more transparent and to contain granules with well-defined outlines ; lower down they exhibit minute granules mixed with the fluid of the cell, leaving the cytoblast transparent, empty and angular ; while at the base the granules have arrived at their perfect condition and the cytoblast is no longer visible. Thus it appears, Mr. Quekett states, that there are two modes of formation of starch connected with the cytoblast ; in the one case the cytoblast becomes a nucleated cell and the grains originate on its exterior ; in the other it does not be- come a nucleated cell, but gives origin to the grains in its interior. As regards the origin of chlorophylle, Mr. Quekett states that in the plants which he has examined the same mode of development ap- pears to obtain as described in the formation of starch, viz. the gra- nules originating from a nucleated cell, and instances the cuticle of the very young frond of Scolopendrium vulgare, L., as an example ; but he adds that the first origin of chlorophylle is so niixed up with the formation of the cell, that it is impossible to arrive by dissection at the commencement of the process. 296 Linnean Society. May 5. [May 5, The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President^ in the Chair. Read a letter " On the Migration of the Swallows," addressed to the Secretary. By Thomas Forster, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. &c., dated Bruges, May 2nd, 1846. The object of this note is to show, not only that the four British species of Swallows migrate, but also that their migration is pro- gressive through Europe to Asia and Africa. The first table is stated to have been compiled from the recorded observations of naturalists and others, copied on the spot during an extensive tour through Europe in the years 1833, 1834, 1835 and 1836. Dr. Forster states that he is satisfied that numerous flights of the several species an- nually arrive at the end of February and beginning of March in Sicily, Italy and the Islands of the Mediterranean, from Africa. Of these a portion proceed after a few days' rest towards the north, leaving colonies in difl^erent places as they advance, until they reach their most northern destination in Europe. In autumn they retire in the same manner, and their numbers appear. prodigiously increased in particular places where they halt and rest for days before the phalanx again takes wing. This, Dr. Forster states, is also the case with Quails, with the Mountain-Finch, and with many of the Warblers. Particular places seem to be favourite resorts as resting-places to particular species, as Pisa for example to the Swift, the Campagna and Southern Italy to the Martin. When an early spring has oc- curred in the S. of Europe, these birds have made their appearance earlier, as if they had been capable of inferring an earlier season northwards. Table I. Mean time of Arrival. Species. Naples. Rome. Pisa. Vienna. Bruges. London. Hirundo rustica //. urhica H. Tiparia Feb. 27 April 10 April 3 April 15 March 3 April 15 April 5 April 18 March 5 April 16 April 8 April 20 March 25 April 20 April 12 April 25 April 5 May 1 April 25 April 30 April 15 May 1 April 25 May 3 H. ji'pus In their recession in autumn they observe nearly the same relative times, with the exception that the Swifts migrate much earlier in Flanders than they do in Kent and Sussex. They are often gone on the 1st of August, and always about the 5th, whereas they remain in England until about the 15th. 1846.] Linnean Society. 297 The second Table is copied from the Journal kept in succession by Dr. Forster's late father, T. F. Forster, Esq., F.L.S., and himself; and records the period of arrival of the Swallow {Hirundo rustica, L.) for nearly half a century. Dr. Forster hopes on a future occasion to supply similar tables of the Martin, Swift, and other birds of passage. Table II. Showing the day of Arrival of th e Swallow for forty -seven years. 1800, April 15 1812, April 15 1824, Api-U 14 1836, April 6 1801, — 5 1813, — 15 1825, — 19 1837, — 6 1802, — 15 1814, — 19 1826, — 14 1838, — 13 1803, — 15 1815, — 14 1827, — 22 1839, — 15 1804, — 17 1816, — 21 1828, — 23 1840, — 15 1805, — 5 1817, — 10 1829, — 21 1841, — 5 1806, — 2 1818, — 17 1830, — 16 1842, — 5 1807, — 15 1819, — 15 1831, — 12 1843, — 21 1808, — 16 1820, — 16 1832, — 19 1844, — 16 1809, — 18 1821, — 18 1833, — 17 1845, — 8 1810, — 20 1822, — 17 1834, — 1 1846, — I 1811, — 18 1823, — 22 1835, — 7 Read also a note " On the Structure of Viola, in connection with its Impregnation." By T. S. Ralph, Esq., A.L.S. &c. Mr. Ralph regards the following circumstances as more or less essential to the impregnation of the ovules of Viola : 1st, the pen- dent position of the flower, which brings the stigma into a position below the anthers ; 2ndly, the spurred petal, which by the secretion of honey attracts insects, whose efforts to obtain a supply of nutri- ment disturbs the whole band of coherent anthers through the move- ments impressed on the two spurs of anthers which descend into the nectary, and thus cause a free discharge of pollen ; 3rdly, the rostrate termination of the stigma in some species, in which the pollen is shed very freely and appears to have a ready access to the interior of the stigma ; 4thly, the remarkable bend in the style in those spe- cies which have a globose stigma, in which species Mr. Ralph has also found a set of singular hairs seated on the claw of the fifth or spurred petal, on which the pollen collects very abundantly, and thence probably finds its way into the interior of the stigma ; the stigmatic head being readily capable of being pushed into the groove of the claw of the petal amid these hairs, a process which Mr. Ralph thinks is performed by the assistance of insects. In some species there are also a set of hairs placed at the throat of the corolla on the two middle petals, the use of which Mr. Ralph thinks to be to shut out the ingress of the proboscis of the insect in that direction. 298 Linnean Society. [May 24, . May 24. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and that ap- pointied by the Charter for the election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting and stated the num- ber of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year, of some of whom the Secretary read the following notices : — James Hussey Abraham, Esq., for nearly half a century the con- ductor of the most flourishing seminary in the town of Sheffield, was well-skilled in various branches of Natural Philosophy, especially Electricity and Magnetism, and possessed a large and valuable col- lection of apparatus with which he illustrated his lectures on these and allied branches of science. In the course of his magnetic expe- riments, the idea suggested itself to him that the minute particles of steel evolved in the dry grinding of forks, needles, &c., the inhala- tion of which is so deleterious to the workmen engaged in those trades, might be intercepted by means of a wire-gauze mask, or caught by a chaplet of magnets worn about the mouth of the ope- rator. For the ingenious contrivance by which he proposed to effect this object, he received in 1821 the large gold medal of the Society of Arts. Other ingenious modifications of the practical application pf the magnet were also devised by Mr. Abraham ; and he delivered a lecture on this, his favourite topic, at an evening meeting of the British Association, at their first meeting in the city of York in 1831. In conjunction with his friend James Montgomery the poet, who then edited one of the local newspapers, he was mainly instrumental in originating the Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield, of w^hich in 1834 he was elected President. He was also celebrated in his neighbourhood for his skill in horticulture, and seldom failed to carry olF one or more prizes at the exhibitions of the Sheffield Hor- ticultural Society, founded in 1830 by himself and some friends; the prize medals of which Society bear on their obverse an exquisitely engraved head of Linnseus. Mr. Abraham died on the 5th of Fe- bruary in the present year, in the 69th year of his age. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1825. Henry Singer Chinnock, Esq. Barron Field, Esq., was born on the 23rd of October 178G. He was the second son of Mr. Henry Field, who was in extensive me- dical practice in London, and for many years apothecary to Christ's 1846.] Ijinnean Society. i299 Hospital. Mr. Barron Field was lineally descended in the sixth de- gree from Oliver Cromwell ; his grandfather, Mr. John Field, having married Anne, the daughter of Thomas Cromwell, who was grandson of Henry Cromwell, Lord Deputy of Ireland, the younger son of the Protector. Mr. Barron Field was educated for the profession of the law, and called to the bar by the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple. In 1811 he published an 'Analysis of Blackstone's Com- mentaries,' which has become a standard work for the use and in- struction of students. In 1816 he was appointed Judge of the Su- preme Court of New South Wales, and continued to exercise the duties of that office till 1824 ; when, on a change in the Charter of Justice for that colony, he relinquished his appointment and returned to England. Early in 1829 he received from Government the ap- pointment of Chief Justice of Gibraltar, which he held until ill-health obliged him to retire and return to his native country. In both these distant appointments Mr. Barron Field applied himself to what was always with him a favourite relaxation, the study of botany. In New South Wales he availed himself of the talents of Mr. Lewin, the distinguished painter of natural history, and formed a pleasing collection of drawings of Botany Bay plants ; and his garden at Gibraltar, situate at nearly the most southern point of Europe, ex- hibited fine specimens of geraniums, cacti and other beautiful plants, flourishing in an almost natural state. Mr. Barron Field also dedicated much of his leisure to the critical perusal of the early English dra- matists and poets ; and latterly attached himself to the Shakspeare Society, of which he was chosen one of the Council, and for which he edited several old dramas. He died on the 11th of April 1846, in his 60th year, at Torquay in South Devon, where he had resided for the last two years. During his residence in New South Wales he published a small volume of poems, the first that had ever been printed in that colony, which he subsequently included in a collection of ' Memoirs on New South Wales,' containing, among several geographical papers of in- terest, some notes by Allan Cunningham on the Botany of New Hol- land. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1825. The Rev. Thomas Gisborne, Prebendary of Durham, a name distin- guished in the literature of our country, was attached from early life to the pursuit of natural history, to which his ' Rural Walks,' first published in 1795, bear in many passages ample testimony. It is not necessary to speak here, and indeed it would be out of place to do so, of the value of his ethical and religious writings ; but he well deserves mention as one of the most zealous collectors of rare Bri- 300 Linnean Society. [May 24, tish birds, and for his great liberality to the Durham Museum, of which he was one of the founders and principal patrons. The fine collection of British birds, which forms the foundation of that Mu- seum, was munificently purchased and presented to the Institution by him, and he never missed an opportunity of adding to its value and completeness by supplying its deficiencies in the rarer species. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in the year 1799, and died in the spring of the present year. Robert Graham, M.D., Regius Professor of Botany in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, was the third son of Dr. Robert Graham, and was born at Stirling on the 7th of December 1786. In the first part of his career he practised medicine in Glasgow, and in 1818 he was ap- pointed to the Professorship of Botany then first established by the Crown as a distinct chair in the University of that city. In 1820 he was transferred to the Botanical chair of the University of Edinburgh, which he filled up to the time of his death. In the same year he be- came a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1821 of the Linnean Society. Dr. Graham devoted himself assiduously and successfully to the duties of his office. By his energy and enthusiasm, as well as by his aflfable and pleasing manners, he succeeded in implanting a taste for his favourite science among the pupils of his class, many of whom have since become able teachers, as well as zealous students and collectors. In the promotion of this taste he derived much assistance from the botanical excursions which he made in company with his pupils, not merely in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, but in distant parts of Scotland, and even in England and in Ireland, in the course of which several additions were made to the Scottish flora. During these excursions he also laid in a large store of materials for a Flora of Britain, in the preparation of which he had been long engaged, but which he did not live to complete. His published works consist chiefly of descriptions of new or rare plants from the Edinburgh Bo- tanic Garden, which owes much of its present excellence to his ex- ertions. These descriptions, together with notices of his botanical excursions, appeared in the ' Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal ' and in the ' Botanical Magazine.' In the ' Companion ' to the latter work, published by Sir Wm. J. Hooker, he also gave " an account of the Camboge-tree of Ceylon." His favourite tribe was the Legu- minosce, and he had undertaken to describe the plants of that exten- sive family contained in Dr. Wallich's Indian herbarium, but subse- quently relinquished the intention and transferred the plants to Mr. Bentham, who has made considerable progress in their illustration. 184G.] Lmnean Society. 301 The genus Grahamia jointly commemorates the botanical merits of Mrs. Graham, afterwards Lady Callcott, and those of Dr. Graham ; and several species have also been named in honour of the latter. He died on the 7th of August last at the house of his brother at Coldoch in Perthshire, after a long and painful illness, leaving behind him the character of an able and enthusiastic teacher, a warm and zealous friend, and a candid and honourable man. In Joseph Janson, Esq., the Society has lost a very active and zealous member. He was born at Tottenham in Middlesex on the 12th of July 1789, and became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in November 1831. Before his election into the Society', he contributed towards the purchase of the Linnean collections, and it was owing in a great degree to his exertions that the subscription was set on foot which has enabled us to pay off so large a portion of our debt. The Society has since been indebted to Mr. Janson for a valuable set of cabinets for its herbarium, and for the cabinet which contains the principal part of the collection of fruits which have been so care- fully arranged by Mr. Kippist. To the library also he has presented upwards of forty volumes of local European floras ; and he was always ready to add to our collections, or to aid in giving interest to our meetings by the exhibition of rare and curious specimens from his garden at Stoke Newington, where, in addition to the more usual garden plants, he was particularly successful in the cultivation of the rarer and less determinately settled British species. Mr. Janson was, as many now present can well bear testimony a man of cultivated understanding, of a clear head and a warm heart. He was ever ready to perceive and to acknowledge merit, and it was one of his benevolent pleasures to bring forward young men of talent and to put them in a way of making their abilities available. He was a zealous friend of various establishments for the education of the poor, to the promotion of the objects of which he devoted much time and labour as well as rendering pecuniary assistance. He was never married. He died on the 30th of April in the present year after a long illness, which did not assume a dangerous appearance until about a fortnight before his death. By his will he has bequeathed to the Society a legacy of 100/. Henry Gaily Knight, Esq., M.P., distinguished for his extensive acquaintance with the architecture of the middle ages, on which he published several highly beautiful and important works. He was educated at Eton and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he formed an acquaintance with Byron, which he renewed during a tour in the East in 1810-11, and which probably led to 302 Linnean Society. [May 24, his attempting poetry in a series of new ' Persian Tales.' These, however, met with Httle success, and he devoted himself during the latter years of his life to the more congenial study of mediaeval architecture. He was returned to parliament in 1834 for North Nottinghamshire, for which he continued to sit till the time of his death, which occurred on the 9th of February in the present year, and in the 59th year of his age. He became a FeUow of the Lin- nean Society in 1818. Richard Latham, Esq., received the rudiments of his education at Christ's Hospital, and in grateful recollection of the benefit, devoted the first four hundred pounds which he saved by industry and fru- gality to the uses of that noble institution. He became connected with the extensive brewery of Sir Henry Meux and Co., of which for more than a quarter of a century he was acting partner. In this position he acquired considerable wealth ; while he amused his leisure hours with the pursuits of chemistry, geology, botany and ornitho- logy. He also contributed largely to the funds of many of the most important charitable institutions of the metropolis. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1821, and died at his residence at Bayswater on the 24th of January in the present year, and in the 79th year of his age. Thomas Knowlton, Esq., the son of a father of the same names, who was in the early part of his life gardener to Sherard, and after- wards to the Earl of Burlington, and M'ho is mentioned with honour in Pulteney's ' Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England ' as an antiquary as well as a naturalist. Our deceased member inherited his father's taste for natural history, and formed a valuable botanical and zoological library, which was disposed of by auction on the death of its proprietor in the spring of the present year. The elder Knowlton died in 1784 at the advanced age of 90, and his son, who became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1795, must also have reached a good old age. Charles Lush, Esq., M.D., was educated as a surgeon, and the first bent of his mind towards natural history was given in a small society of juniors to which several of our Fellows who have since distin- guished themselves also belonged. He became the Botanical Lec- turer at St. Thomas's Hospital in 1825, and in 1827 sailed for India as an Assistant- Surgeon in the East India Company's service on the Bombay establishment. Soon after his arrival he was appointed to take charge of the Botanic Garden at Dapooree near Poona, which appointment he retained until his return to England in 1837. In 1829 he was employed by the Bombay Government in traveUing in 1846.] Linnean Society. 303 the Southern Mahratta country, along the coast of Canara, and visit- ing the Portuguese settlement of Goa, &c. in order to select a suit- able spot for the establishment of an experimental cotton- farm. His report of the results of this journey was published with the appro- bation of the authorities, and circulated among all the magistrates and other functionaries. From 1830 to 1833 he had the direction of some experiments in the cultivation of silk and cotton carried on in the Southern Provinces, and in 1833 made a report to the Govern- ment respecting mulberries for the feeding of the silk- worms. In 1836 he visited the cotton districts in Guzerat, for the purpose of inspecting the different farms, on the subject of which he furnished a report ; and in the same year he communicated to the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay, a paper published in December in the * Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,' entitled " Geological Notes on the Northern Conkan, and a small portion of Guzerat and Kattywar." In this paper he mentions the discovery by himself in the Island of Perim, in the Gulf of Cambay, of a large deposit of fossil bones, which has since been more fully investigated by Capt. Fulljames and Dr. Falconer, and has been found to comprise some of the most remarkable among the very extraordinary fossils for the knowledge of which we have recently been indebted to the natu- ralists of India. In 1837 he returned to England overland, and in 1840 again pro- ceeded to India, where he was appointed surgeon to the 14th Bom- bay Native Infantry, and accompanied that regiment in 1 844 to Kur- rachee in Scinde, and in 1845 to Hydrabad, where he fell a victim to spasmodic cholera on the 4th of July, in the 49th or 50th year of his age. In character Dr. Lush was well-known to many of our members as warm-hearted, sincere, and of so sweet a disposition, that I am assured by one of our Fellows who knew him best, that during a close intimacy of many years he never saw him out of temper. He was a constant peacemaker, and his simplicity was extraordinary. His talents were excellent, and had his application been equal, there is no doubt that he would have attained a high position in science. Peter Nouaille, Esq. Of our Associates we have lost two during the past year. Mr. James Main began life as a working gardener in the neigh- bourhood of Edinburgh, andAvas afterwards employed by Mr. George Hibbert, to whom we are indebted for the introduction of many va- luable plants through the means of collectors whom he sent abroad. 304 Linnean Society. [May 24, One of these was Mr. Main, whom he despatched to China, and who continued in Mr. Hibbert's employ for some years after his return to England, but afterwards took a farm in Scotland. Here he was unsuccessful ; but having made himself well-acquainted with the re- ceived theories and practice both of horticulture and of agriculture, he turned his attention to the literature of those subjects, and from this time forwards became a frequent and welcome contributor to some of the principal periodicals devoted to their illustration. In the year 1830 he published 'The Villa and Cottage Florist's Direc- tory,' which reached a second edition in 1835 ; in 1833 ' Illustra- tions of Vegetable Physiology, jDractically applied;' in 1835 'Po- pular Botany;' and in 1839 'The Young Farmer's Manual,' and ' The Forest Planter's and Pruner's Assistant ;' and he also edited new editions of Mawe's ' Every Man his own Gardener,' and of several other works of a similar character. Mr. Main was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society in 1829, and communicated to us in 1844 a paper entitled " Remarks on Vegetable Physiology," in which he reproduced the leading ideas on the growth of plants contained in his ' Illustrations of Vegetable Physiolog}^' Of this paper an abstract is published in the ' Proceed- ings ' of the Society. He died at Chelsea in the spring of the pre- sent year at an advanced age. Mr. George Samouelle was brought up to the business of a book- seller, and was for several years an assistant in the establishment of Messrs. Longman and Co. He early imbibed a taste for natural history, and more especially for entomology, and became an assi- duous collector of British insects. In 1819 he published a work en- titled ' The Entomologist's Useful Compendium, or an Introduction to the Knowledge of British Insects, comprising the best means of obtaining and preserving them, and a description of the Apparatus generally used ; together with the genera of Linne, and the modern method of arranging the Classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Spiders, Mites and Insects, from their affinities and structure, according to the views of Dr. Leach. Also, an explanation of the terms used in Entomo- logy ; a Calendar of the times of appearance and usual situations of near 3000 species of British Insects ; with instructions for collecting and fitting up objects for the Microscope. Illustrated with twelve plates,' 8vo, Lond. In this work, the multifarious nature of which may be inferred from the title-page, Mr. Samouelle furnished the British entomologist with a careful and valuable compilation, and added moreover numerous original observations calculated to be useful to the collector ; but the greater part of the work, as well as 1846.] Linnean Society. 'iOj the most important in a scientific point of view, was derived from the MSS. of Dr. Leach, which were freely communicated to the author. This work was followed by ' General Directions for col- lecting and preserving Exotic Insects and Crustacea,' 18mo, Lond., 1826. Soon after the publication of his 'Compendium' Mr. Sa- mouelle became an assistant in the Natural History Department of the British Museum, and was chiefly employed for many years in the care and arrangement of the entomological collections of that esta- blishment. In 1832 he commenced the publication of an illustrated periodical, entitled ' The Entomological Cabinet ; being a Natural History of British Insects,' of which he completed two annual vo- lumes. He afterwards issued two numbers of a second series of the same work, but not meeting with sufficient encouragement he pro- ceeded no farther. In 1836 he also published two numbers of a second edition of his ' Entomologist's Useful Compendium,' but this undertaking fell to the ground from the same cause. He was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society in 1818, and died at Lambeth in the spring of the present year. His principal work was highly useful at the time of its appearance, following as it did on the two introductory volumes of Messrs. Kirby and Spence, and affording to the numerous students who were in- cited by those volumes to take up entomological pursuits, a manual of information for their guidance in collecting, preserving and ar- ranging insects, which was then greatly wanted by British entomo- logists. The Secretary also announced that twelve Fellows had been elected since the last Anniversary. At the election, which subsequently took place, the Lord Bishop of Norwich was re-elected President ; Edward Forster, Esq., Trea- surer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary; and Richard Taylor, Esq., Under-Secretary. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council in the room of others going out: viz. Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche ; Hugh Falconer, M.D. ; Joseph Dalton Hooker, M.D. ; William Wilson Saunders, Esq., and William Yarrell, Esq. No. XXX. — Proceedings of the Linnean Society. SOQ Linnean Society. [June 2, June 2. E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Read some " Notes towards a Statistical Account of the Fauna of New Zealand and the Auckland Islands, so far as regards Annulose Animals." By Adam White, Esq., M.E.S., Assistant in the Zoolo- gical Department of the British Museum. Communicated by the Secretary. In these notes, Mr. White remarks on the advantages offered by an insular position, of comparatively limited extent and far removed from any great continent, in the drawing up a local fauna or flora ; and anticipates that in the course of time, when we shall have been furnished with nearly perfect lists of the animals and vegetables in- habiting New Zealand, we may arrive at tangible results regarding them, free from the disturbing influences which result from the great extent and varied nature of such a continent as New Holland, and from the ready access afforded to wanderers of both kingdoms by the proximity of such islands as our own to great and almost adjoining continents. He limits his present observations to the Coleopterous order of insects, and states the sources from which the various col- lections examined by him have been derived. From the information which he has been enabled to acquire from all these sources he arrives at the following conclusions : — 1st, that Coleoptera do not aboxmd in species in New Zealand ; 2ndly, that the numbers of Cicin- delidce, Carahidos, CurculionidcB and Longicornes are strikingly cha- racteristic of its Coleopterous fauna as compared with any part of New Holland ; and Srdly, that Cetoniadee, Buprestidce and Chryso- melidcE, so abundant in nearly every part of the Australian continent, are either wanting or very poorly represented in New Zealand. He does not, however, venture in the present state of our knowledge to propound these as axioms ; and instances the paucity of species of various orders of insects, especially Hymenoptera and Neuroptera, enumerated in the ' Fauna Boreali-Americana,' as compared with the large number of species of those orders collected by Mr. Barnston in a single locality within the limits of that territory, as a striking ex- ample of the fallacy of the conclusions which might be drawn from insufficient and uncertain data. The author then proceeds to give an enumeration of the species of each Coleopterous family hitherto detected in New Zealand ; and ob- 1846.] Linneah Society. 30^ serves in a note that the jEshna liasstna of Strickland, a Neuropte- rous insect, of which a lower wing has been found in the lias of Stonesfield, belongs (as Mr. Dale has conjectured) to a genus closely- allied to Petalura, which latter has hitherto only been detected living in New Zealand and New Holland. June 16. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. John Birkett, jun., Esq., and Thomas Lightfoot, Esq., M.D., were elected Fellows. Read a paper " On the calcifying functions of the Cowry and the Olive, two genera of Pectinibranchiate Mollusks." By Lovell Reeve, Esq., A.L.S. &c. &c. After referring to the numerous instances of ver)' considerable modifications in the form of shell and mode of calcification which occur among Mollusca, even in genera very nearly related to each other, Mr. Reeve proceeds to describe more particularly the manner in which the calcifying process is performed in the two genera which form the subject of his paper. Each of these genera produces a porcellanous shell of very analogous structure, consisting of a cy- linder of several enlarging whorls, convoluted on a plane nearly ver- tical to the spire, and composed of layers of vitrified enamel of dif- ferent colours and design ; but there is a striking difference in the calcifying organ as regards its structure and its function of secretion. In the CoviTy the office of calcification is performed by a lobate ex- pansion of the mantle from either side of the aperture, sufficiently large to cover the entire shell, and retracted only under the influence of alarm. In the Olive, on the other hand, the mantle is limited to the interior and the aperture of the shell ; and appears to be furled over the edge of the lip, and retained in a state of tension by a cord or filament passing from its posterior extremity into a narrow channel which is excavated round the spire of the shell in place of the suture. The result of this diflference in the condition of the calcifying organ is, that in the Cowry the testaceous secretion is deposited over the whole shell from the outside in successive layers at different inter- vals of time, while in the Olive the layers must be secreted simul- taneously at the lip alone, and the porcellanous surface of the shell 308 Linnean Society. [Nov. 3, is preserved (both in its course of retrovolution and after maturity) by a reflection of the ventral disc soraevifhat analogous to the re- flected mantle of the Covv^ry, but bearing no part in the formation of the shell. In support of this vievi' and with the view of proving that this distinction is borne out by the physical condition of the shells at different periods of growth, the author takes for examples Cyprcea Tigris and Oliva Utriculus. The Tiger,Cowry in its first stage is of a uniform light chestnut-bay ; the colour then breaks up, as it were, into bands of close-set blotches of a richer hue ; a coating of white is next superposed, and upon that is deposited a series of rather distant zigzag flames ; these are partially concealed by a second layer of white enamel thinner and more delicate than the preceding one, on which a number of dark spots are subsequently deposited ; and a third coating of white enamel, with a new layer of black and brown spots intermingled, characterizes the maturity of the shell. Each period in the life of the Cowry appears therefore to be distinguished by a different design of colouring ; but this is not the case with the Olive, the shell of which exhibits the same appearance at all stages of its growth, and the different layers of its colouring matter must be deposited simultaneously because the organ of calcification ex- tends only to the lip, from which the shell gradually recedes in the progress of its growth. The external coating of Oliva Utriculus is of an obscure milky-blue, and the removal of this layer by means of an acid reveals a dull ashy ground sprinkled with numerous tri- angular opal-like dashes ; in Oliva Brasiliensis the removal of the outer layer exhibits a longitudinally striped pattern, and other va- rieties of design may be found in different species ; but there is no periodical change of colour in the entire shell to mark its advance- ment in growth. November 3. R. Brown, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Arthur Grote, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Read a " Description of the Asafoetida plant of Central Asia." By Hugh Falconer, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. &c. &c. Dr. Falconer describes the plant which yields the Asafoetida under the following characters : — 1S46.] Linnean Society. 309 Ord. UMBELLIFER^. Trib. PeucedanevE. Gen. Narthex, Falc. Calycis margo obsoletus. Petala ? Slylopodium plicato* urceolatum. Styli filiformes demum reflexi. Fructus a dorso plano- compressus, margine dilatato cinctus. Mericarpia jugis primariis 5, 3 intermediis filiforniibus, 2lateralibus obsoletioribus margin! contigiiis imniersis. FittcB in valleculis dorsalibus plerumque solitariae (valle- culis lateralibus nunc sesqui- vel bi-vittatis) ; commissurales 4 — 6 variae ineequales, exterioi-ibus saepe reticulatim interrupts. Semen compla- natum. Carjso^// or «/« bipartitum. ?7wj6e//facaate3,pane«aks. /*< CinralbrteiaBaBqpnal&s. .SSoniaB The pafier tliese plants -was iOnsltrarc presso Eequalibus vel longioribus, lobis calycinis ovatis acuminatis sub- sequalibus, corolla azuvefB calycem sequantis labio inferiore majore margine externe revoluto : palato convexo intus barbato : calcare conico albido labium sequante in lobo calycis inferiore nidulante ; labio supe- riors rotundato 4-crenato, capsula cordata compressa lobis calycinis valde acutis arete obtecta, seminibus rugoso-striatis. Hub. in Bengalia, prope Bardwan, uliginosis, Januario. An U. reticulata, DC, no. 90. p. 19 ? diiFert tantum (secus descriptio- nem) pedicellis bracteis brevioribus, labii superioris margine non revoluta. Planta 2 — 10 poUicaris, stricta. Semina oblonga, testS, laxiuscula rugoso- striata, inter nervulos prominulos minutius striata. Labium inferius 2 lin. long. Calycis lobi per anthesin 2, in fructu 4 lin. longi. Staminum fila- menta arcuata; antheris approximatis medio constrictis. Stigma sessile infundibuliforme. Folia nulla? Utiiicularia rosea, radicibus fibrosis, scapo filiformi subesquamato de- miim subvolubili apice racemosim 3 — 10 floro, bracteis ternis exteriore medio fixa utrinque acut& lateralibus ovatis acutis pedicello nitido sub- sequalibus, lobis calycinis rotundatis suborbiculatis corolla brevioribus, coroUffi roseae labio inferiore 3-lobo (lobo medio breviore) crenulato intus fornicato palato luteo intus papilloso : calcare obtuso labium aequante ; labio superiore rotundato, filamentis arcuatis apice valde dilatatis ; antheris ovatis medio paulo constrictis, capsula subglobosa calycem vix auctum subsequante uno latere valvula sursum basi recur- vata dehiscente, placenta centrali globosa foveolata, seminibus (pluri- mis abortivis) ovatis punctis prominulis subechinatis rugoso-striatis. Hub. in Bengalia, prope Bardwan, uliginosis. An U. nivea, DC, no. 98, at floribus roseo-purpurascentibus, capsula ca- lycem asquante nee minore, nee longiore ut in U. racemosd, squamis quo- que minimis, an potius omnes in unam speciem reducendse ? Scapi calyces- que rubescentes. Utricularia pterosperma, radicibus fibrosis parce utriculiferis, utriculis 1-setosis, scapo aphyllo purpurascente 2- (an pluri- ?) floro ad axillam squama ovata obtusa basifixa bracteato, pedicellis teretibus superiore bracteolato, lobis calycinis obovatis cucuUatis obtusis corolla dimidio brevioribus nee in fructu auctis, corollse lutese labio superiore suberecto concavo integro; inferiore integro marginibus revolutis : palato magno aurantio-striato utrinque glabro faucem obtegente : calcare sursiim cur- vato conico acutiusculo labio sublongiore, staminum filamentis eras- sis arcuatis supra antheram 1-locularem nee constrictam productis, polline orbiculari rugosulo, stigmate bilamellato, capsula latere com- pressiuscula subglobosa stylo apiculata, placenta globosa alveolata, se- minibus paucis late alatis ala irregulariter dentata reticulatim venosa ; testa irregulariter rugosa; nucula globosa; radicula et pluraula distinct^ ceterum pingui. Hab. in Bengalia, Bardwan, uliginosis, Januario. 1847.] Linnean Society. 353 Ab U. diantka quacum maxime affinis difFert pedicellis teretibus nee mar- ginatis, calcare ascendente labio longiore nee descendente, lobis calycinis in fructu noti auctis antherisque non eonstrictis. An seniina U. dianthce alata ? Utricularia fasciculata, vide DC, no, 8, p. 18. no. 18, adde : — Plaeenta globosa spongiosa, seminibus compressis raarginatis rugosulis uno la- tere foveolato altero prominulo. A further communication, from a letter written by Mr. Edge- worth, dated Banda, 30th August, 1847, was made to the meeting, respecting a remarkable effect produced by the leaves of Gymnema sylvestris, R. Br., upon the sense of taste, in reference to diminish- ing the perception of saccharine flavours. Read also a paper " On the Formation and Use of the Air- Sacs and Dilated Tracheae in Insects." By G. Newport, Esq., F.R.S,, F.L.S. &c. &c. The paper was commenced with the remark, that the presence of air-sacs in insects is known to every comparative anatomist. These sacs are largest and most numerous in the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. They are numerous and capacious in the Dragon-flies among the Neuroptera, but are smaller and fewer in the Ephemera, the Sialidce and the Scorpion-flies. In the Coleoptera they exist only in the volant species ; and even in the same tribe, as in the Cara- bidcB, they are found in the winged, but not in the apterous species. In all insects in which they occur they are largest and most nume- rous in the swiftest and most powerful individuals. They are found in the Orthoptera only in the migratory families ; while in those which are truly saltatorial insects the tracheae are enlarged in some parts of their course, but are not to be regarded as properly saccu- lated, and sacs are never found in the larva state of any species of insect. The sacs are formed by the dilatation of tracheae during the metamorphoses of the insects, which commences at the close of the larva state, when the insect has ceased to feed. This dilatation goes on for the first few days only in those species which hybernate, and is resumed again in the spring, but it continues uninterruptedly to the development of the perfect insect in those which change to that state in the summer. The author showed that the longitudinal trachere of the third and fourth segments of the larva of winged insects give off a small branch at the sides of each segment, which, divided into two portions, passes outwards and " is involved in a fold of the new tegument that is 354 Lmnean Society. [Dec. 7? 1847. formed beneath the old skin of the larva some days before its change. These folds of tegument supplied each with their tracheae closely re- semble in appearance the external abdominal branchiae of the aqua- tic larvse oi Neuroptera," and afterwards become the most important organs of the insect in its perfect state — the wings. The expansion of these organs at the change is mainly effected by their tracheae, which instead of becoming dilated, like those within the body, are elongated, and thus induce a rush of blood into these portions of the tegument which promotes their expansion into wings. This elon- gation, as well as the dilatation of the tracheae within the body, is the result of powerful respiratory efforts of the insect. The author remarked, that although able to show the mode in which these changes are effected, it is less easy to give a satisfactory explanation of the real use of the vesicles. He adopts, however, a view entertained by John Hunter, that the vesicles are mainly to enable the insect to alter the specific gravity of its body at pleasure during flight, and thus diminish the muscular exertion required during these move- ments. To support this opinion, the author reviewed the different classes of Vertebrata, and showed that although a vesicular form of the respiratory organs exists in the whole, yet that Birds approach much more closely to Insects in this respect, as well as in the more extensive distribution of the organs themselves, than any other of the Vertebrata ; and he referred to the fact that in apterous insects, as in birds that are unaccustomed to flight, the respiratory organs are less capacious or less extensively distributed. This fact, he stated, is not confined to insects of which both sexes are apterous, but that when one sex is winged and active in flight, and the other apterous, he has always found the body of the former with vesicular tracheae, while in the other, the apterous sex, the tracheae are sim- ply arborescent, as he has found in the sexes of the glow-worm, and in the common winter-moth, Geometra trumaria. These facts, in- ferential with regard to the use of the vesicles, the author supported with an account of an experimental observation on the mode in which the common dung-beetle prepares itself for flight, by rapidly in- creasing its respiration and distending its body the instant before it unfolds its wings and attempts to raise itself upon them. Jan. 18, 1848.] Linnean Society. 355 December 21. E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Joseph Rix, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Read a further portion of Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's Commentary on the 8th part of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabariciis . January 18, 1848. N. Wallich, Esq., M.D., in the Chair. Arthur Adams, Esq., J. V. G. Gutch, Esq., Robert Hudson, Esq., George Ransome, Esq., and John Ellerton Stocks, Esq., M.D., were elected Fellows. Read a paper " On the genus Atamisquea." By John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. Of this Capparideous genus, named by Mr. Miers in his ' Travels in Chile,' vol. ii. p. 529, and subsequently characterized by Sir W. J. Hooker in his ' Botanical Miscellany,' Mr. Miers gives the follow- ing more complete character, derived from the living plant. Atamisquea, Miers. Char. Gen. Sepala 2, ovoidea, concava, aestivatione marginibus subim- bricatis, in torum cavnosum, cyathiformem persistentem demuni indu- ratum dentibus erectis notatum coalita, decidua. Petala 6, e margine tori orta, inasqualia, lineari-spathulata, reflexa; 2 superiora erectiora, sestivatione subimbricata ; 2 lateralia breviora, exteriova. Stamina 9, quorum 6 fertilia longiora ; filamenta ffistivatione replicata, demum recta, reclinata, glabra, basi glandulosa, lepidota ; antherce oblongae, 2-loculares, basifixse, erectae, demum curvatee. Tliecaphorum decli- natura ; basi glabrum, disco staminifero cinctum, hinc geniculatum ; ind^ gracile, elongatum, et cum ovario lepidotum. Ovarium ovatum ; stylus brevissimus ; stigma obtuse 2-lobum. Bacca ovoidea, subcar- nosa, dense lepidota. Seinina 2 (vel abortu 1), exalbumijiosa, cochleato- reniformia, funiculo libero erecto bifurcato ex imo loculo orto latevali- ter appensa ; testa coriacea, loculo altero incompleto hilo opposito. 356 Linnean SocieUj. [Jan. 18, Embryo campylotropus ; cotyledones magnse, foliaceae, incumbentes, invicem plicato-convolutse ; radicula teres, infera, loculo incompleto velata, et ob enibryonis curvatnvaiTi hilum superne spectans. — Frutex durus, ramosus, Ameiicffi nieridionalis extratropicse ; ramis abbrevia- tis, junioribus lepidotis, nonnunquam spinescentibus ; foliis e ramulis juniorlbus orta, pnrva, alterna, brevissime petiolata, canaliculata, cesfi- vatione conduplicata, sublus lepidota, costd car'matd. Pedunculus axil- laris, solitarius, l-fiorus. Atamisquea emarginata, foliis lineari-oblongis basi apiceque einarginatis supra viridi-nitentibus subtus hirsutis incanis squamisque lepidotis tectis, Hab. in campis patentibus^ aridis, salinis, Travesia dictis, Provincise Men- dozae Chilensis. Mr. Miers states that he offers the above view of the floral enve- lopes (which he regards as consisting of 2 sepals and 6 petals) with much deference, especially as that which Sir W. J. Hooker has taken of them is in conformity with the usual arrangement of the family. It appears to him, however, to be warranted by the fact that the two broad external leaflets (which he considers as the calyx) form one entire whorl, being continuous at their origin with the margin of the cup of the torus, while the insertion of the six narrower seg- ments (petals) is also upon one line, within the margin of the same cup ; the cicatrix of the calyx being marked by a clean line on the margin of the cup, while the remains of the claws of the petals are distinctly seen within the same margin forming so many projecting indurated teeth. This (as regards the calyx) is analogous with what occurs in Busbeckia, Endl., Steriphoma, Spr., and Morisonia, Plum., in all of which only 2 sepals exist, or an entire envelope bursting into two valves. To reconcile the apparent anomaly, the author would consider the floral envelope oi Atamisquea either as formed of three series, each consisting of two normal parts, the innermost series appearing double in consequence of the division of its lobes to their point of insertion ; (and this view is supported by the cohesion of the upper and lower pairs of petals at their base when pulled away from the torus, while a distinct interval is manifest between each of these pairs and the shorter lateral petals ;) or he would (still taking the same view with regard to the composition of the upper and lower pairs of petals) regard them as forming with the two lateral petals a whorl of four parts, and suppose the outer series also (the sepals) to be normally four in number, united by adhesion into two. This last view he considers to be rendered somewhat the more probable by its approximating more nearly to the usual structure, and by the 1848.] Linnean Society. 357 fact that each of the sepals when dried readily splits down the middle by a clean line into two distinct segments. The paper was illustrated by detailed illustrations of the structure of the plant. February 1 . Robert Brown, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The Rev. James Hamilton and Henry George Harrington, Esq , were elected Fellows. J. O.Westwood.Esq., F.L.S. &c., exhibited specimens of the silk spun by the caterpillars of the new Indian silk moth, Bomhyx Hut- toni, Westw. (figured in the 'Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,' pi. 12. fig. 4), communicated to him by Capt. T. Hutton. After stating the importance of the discovery of a new and valuable product of this nature in our foreign territories, and that the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society ' contained a valuable paper on East Indian silk insects by Gen. Hardwicke, Mr. Westwood observed that the insect discovered by Capt. Hutton was congeneric with the real silk insect, Bombyx Mori, a native of China, whereas those described in the Transactions of the Society belonged to another genus, Saturnia, and that consequently the silk spun by the new species was likely to approximate nearer to that of B. Mori in its qualities than that of the large Indian Saturnice. The new species had been disco- vei'ed to be a native of the hills about Mussooree, on the south- ern side of the Himalaya, 6500 feet above the level of the sea, and its caterpillar (like that of B. Mori) feeds on the leaves of the wild mulberry, which is another reason why the qualities of the silk should resemble that spun by the true silkworm. The perfect moth is about the size of B. Mori, but has darker- coloured wings, with a large, blackish lunate spot near the tips of the hooked fora- wings. Specimens of the natural fibre of the silk, and some with the threads severally composed of three, six, nine and twelve fibres were exhibited, those with nine and twelve fibres having been pronounced by the Delhi silk-workers to be worth 25 rupees per seer, that is, about 25 shillings per pound, at 2 shillings per rupee. 358 Linnean Society. [Feb. 1, Read a paper entitled " Descriptions of some new species oiAthy- reus, MacL., a genus of Lamellicorn Beetles." By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &c. After tracing the history of the genus and its affinities, and no- ticing in detail its most remarkable peculiarities, dwelling par- ticularly on those characters Avhich are externally indicative of di- stinction of sex, Mr. Westwood proceeds to describe the following species : 1. Athyreus gigas, Hope; castaneus, elytris magis rufis, capite glabro antice 3-cornuto, mandibulis magnis externe acute dentatis, pronoto utrinque excavatione profunda discoque cornubus duobus crassis acutis divergentibus, elytris lenuissime striato-punctatis. — Long. corp. unc. 1 (mandibulis inclusis). Hab. in Brasilia. In Mus. D. Hope. 2. Athyreus armatus, Hope ; piceo-niger, lateribus protlioracis mandi- bulis pedibusque rufescentibus, mandibulis magnis singula extiis 2- dentata dente antico magno, pronoto utrinque carina deflexa medio- que cornu suberecto, elj'tris elevato-striatis. — Long. corp. lin. 9. Hab. in America meridionali. In Mus. D. Hope. 3. Athyreus subarmatus, $ ; supra obscums nigricans, labro mandi- bulis prothoracis lateribus pedibusque piceo-rufis, tenuissime granu- losus, clypeo margine antico parum reflexo postice carina elevata in medio tuberculo instructo, antennis luteis, pronoto carinis duabus bre- vibus mediis in spatio medio ovali linea elevata circumcincto instructo. — Long. corp. lin. Si. Hab. in America meridionali. In Mus. D. Hope, sub nomine A. arma- tus, ?. 4. Athyreus tuberculatus, Hope; obscure piceus, sub lente tenuis- sime granulosus et setosus, antennis luteis, clypeo conico antice cornu pariim elevato terminato, pronoto tuberculis duobus contiguis ante medium disci positis, elytris sublineatis, tibiis anticis 5-6-dentatis. — Long. corp. lin. 8i. Hab. in Brasilia. In Mus. D. Hope. 5. Athyreus rotundus, Hope ; supra obscurus piceo-rufus, sub lente undique tubei'culis minimis obsitus, clypeo margine antico truncato et parum elevato margine postico carina tuberculis tribus acutis in- structo, pi'onoto tuberculis duobus contiguis ante medium elytrisque Iseviter striatis. — Long. corp. lin. 10. Hab. in Brasilia. In Mus. D. Hope. This insect Mr. Westwood thanks to be probably the female of A. tuberculatus. 6. Athyreus bellator ; piceo-niger, capite et pronoto (marginibus ex- 1848.] Linnemi Society. 359 ceptis) subleevibus hujus marginibus lateralibus pedibusque rufis vel fulvis, clypeo in dentem acutum elongate, pronoto dente elevate bifido pone medium armato. — Long. corp. lin. lOi. Athyreus bifurcatus, Laporte, An. Art. iii. p. 102. pi. 7. f. 3. {nee A. bi- furcatus, King, nee A. bifurcatus, MacL.) Athyreus furcifer, Dej. Cat. et Laporte, An. Art. 1. c. (teste Miis. Gory.) Hah. in Brasilia et Cayenna. In Mus. D. Hope. The present species stands in Mr. Hope's collection as the male of A. Bilbergii. 7. Athyreus Bilbergii, Gray in Griffith An. Kingd. ; piceo-niger, tu- berculis minutis scaber, clypei margine antico recto postico carinato et 3-tuberculato tubei-culo intermedio magis elevate, angulis laterali- bus capitis ante oculos acutis, pronoto margine antico pariim elevate ; disco tuberculis duobus laevibus lineisque duabus curvatis elevatis. — Long. Corp. lin. 10. Athyreus furcicollis, Dej. {teste Mus. Gory, nunc Hope.) Hob. in Demerar^ et Cayenna. In Mus. D. Hope. 8. Athyreus Pholas, Buquet MS.; piceo-castaneus, lateribus protho- racis et elytrorum pedibusque rufescentibus, scabriusculus, clypeo an- tice angustato margine antico bituberculato, vertice concavo, protho- racis lateribus dilatatis disco excavatione subquadrata spina erecta antica lateribusque acute tuberculatis. — Long. corp. lin. 6. Athyreus trituberculatus. Gory in Mus. Hab. in Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogota. In Mus. Hope. Obs. Athyreus recticornis, Guerin, Iconogr. du Regne An. Ins. p. 83, from Swan River (Mus. Goxy)-=Bolboceras hastifer, Bainbridge. The insect placed in M. Gory's collection, with the label of Athyreus porcatus, De Laporte, Anim. Artie, t. ii. p. 103. no. 6, Athyreus Senegalensis, Dejean, is a new species of Bolboceras, from Senegal. 9. Athyreus purpureipennis ; cyaneo-niger subtiis fulvo-testaceus, ely- tris Isete purpureis, pronoto linea longitudinali impressa utrinque spa- tio conve.\o laevissimo nigro versus angulos anticos furcato.. — Long, corp. lin. 6. Hab. in America meridionali. In Musseo Britannico. 10. Athyrevs centralis; testaceo-fulvus, capitis vertice antice 3- dentato, pronoto carina abbreviata centrali lineis duabus parum ele- vatis obliquis alteraque utrinque prope angulos posticos, elytris iin- presso-striatis striis longe ante apicem evanescentibus. — Long. corp. lin. 61.. Hab. in Nova Grenada, Rio Magdalena, Ibaque. In Musaso Britannico. 11. Athyreus Tweedyanus; testaceus, pronoto maximo lateribus obtuse angulatis et sinuatis medio disci depresso Isevi et line^ obliqu& parum 360 Linnean Society. [Feb. 15, curvata e latevibus separate lineaqne altera abbreviata utrinque ver- sus angulos posticos. — Long. corp. lin. 5|. Hah. in Insula Hayti, Indise occidentalis. DD. Tweedy et Hearne. In Muss. Soc. Ent. Londin. et Hope. February 15. The Lord Bishop of Noi-wich, President, in the Chair. Charles Cogswill, Esq., M.D., was elected a Fellow. Read a memoir " On the early stages of the Development of Le- manea Jiuviatilis , Agardh." By G. H. K. Thwaites, Esq. Commu- nicated by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. Mr. Thwaites attributes the neglect of the early condition of this conferva to its having been confounded in this stage with Trente- pohlia pulchella ^. chalybea, Harv., with which it is frequently found growing intermingled. He states that it may be observed in great abundance towards the end of November, covering the surface of stones witli a uniform, dark olive, somewhat villous coating, and adhering with great pertinacity by means of its minute roots. The structure of the plant at this early stage is found to consist of nu- merous conferva-like filaments, of about a line in length and spa- ringly branched. Each filament is about yyL_th of an inch in dia- meter, and consists of a single row of cells, which are from 4 to 6 times longer than wide, and have a blue-green endochrome arranged in a spiral manner, except in the terminal cells, where it is more abundant and gives them a darker colour. This stage Mr. Thwaites regards as analogous to the confervoid filaments which form the pri- mordia of a moss, or to the mycelium of a fungus ; and he adds that Kiitzing has described and figured the early condition of Lemanea torulosa, Agardh, as very similar. From a cell near the base of this conferva-like structure a branch is given off, which at first differs apparently from the ordinary branches only in its cells being much shorter. This little branch increases rapidly in length and thickness from the multiplication of its cells by fissiparous division ; and to enable it to acquire a firmer support, a number of roots are given off from its base (in the same manner as in the phyton of a moss), and it is thus enabled to attach itself aud maintain an independent existence. From this period it gra- 1848.] Linnean Society. 361 dually puts on the well-known characters of the full-grown Le- manea. Mr. Thwaites believes that the study of the early development of the AlgcE would well repay the careful observer. He thinks it highly probable that very many of the structures now classed with the Pal- mellce are merely immature states of more complicated species ; but he recommends great caution in such investigations, as without a good microscope and a practised eye, very essential characters readily escape detection. Read also a portion of Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's Commentary on the 9th Part of Van Rheede's Horfus Malabaricus. March 7. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. Joseph Dorrington, Esq., M.A., was elected a Fellow. Read a memoir " On Melianthea:, a new natural order of plants, proposed and defined by J. E. Planchon, docteur-^s-sciences." Com- municated by the Secretary. After an introductory critical sketch, the author proceeds to com- pare together Melianthus, Diplerisma (a new genus founded upon Melianthus minor, L., and Mel. comosus, Vahl), Natalia and Ber- sama ; that is to say, the four genera which he proposes to unite under the common name of MelianthecE. This comparison includes chiefly descriptive details, of the results of which the following synoptical table will afford a summary view : — (See the Table on pp. 362-3.) A glance at the characters suffices to show that those among them which are common to all the genera are also of undoubted primary importance in most natural tribes. So, for instance, the structure of the seeds, the relative position and numerical propor- tion of the floral parts, the position and even the shape Of the disc, the pinnate leaves and the constant presence of stipules, are so many points by which the connection of these plants is established. Ad- mitting then the homogeneity of the order, the author proceeds to point out its more general affinities. 362 Linnean Society. [March 7, •n II d) a -^ a r3 =5 S 5 « C3 a M3 =a a & Ji S "S h ^ • ■ g rt "* .1^ § -3 ^ a^ "= e>a- K t» a; C aj oj .^ ^_, O _aj CO ts ,^ ca aj 2 a ■fl a a cs ^ -^ o ^ a .a >; !m ctf bO O 3 ^' a; v. ^ O vn ca £>■ a; aj > — O ea to. a } 1848.] Linnean Society. 363 o _ 13 "^ o ^ _&, ^ a a; O 5 a .-o-a c o > -^ ^ >. C- t- ^ O ■£ ^ £ & ^ --C -^ -- . r, zi ^ bD ■4. s^ K io <<: ■•i ^ O 08 =2 C/3 lO i-H -«1 rt to 3 ri o =* b =* nJ ^ r- =1 r1 *e tfl .; S « .2 <3 :z^c«^o o tog oh "' •istl SJ -p S a ^ „ o &_g-B 2 ■" „, -2 !- T3 ^ =*- fi ^ ;5 -r; o o ^ Sm • : 3 !U CO • : ^ o ^ : ■ o j-i ■ D : o ^ i;^ : 3 • : -o 3 . 3 :f'3 t: '3 /3 tn >>'^ f* _c2 rt ^ ti^ s :; -t; S ca S aj .:; ^ O " ^ J2 O in 3 'V^-^-y ■" o (/5 -q< ,-1 <1 «i! O :S '*^ 3 'S. fcc; ^^ !»;? OOc» I o ^ o — • P-c V 3 U3 >. ^ o c i2 t3 3 "5 ^ a _o rt ;,:= -^ -?« 3 --rt S «f CD S ^ '5 s a c iJ S to o .5 a ^ c§ ^ sort C 3 JS ■-"03 a 5 s 'O f^ aj !- o -^ o :^£ 3 2 '3 "3 u ■S CD =* O J3 '"■-■-' a 0) Nl CJ -a 'C :s C« '^ 04 •< W fe< -= fi £ ^ J= .2 .2 3 u 5: - >" 3 b ,j= o S bo 0) "^ O ™ ca ^ j= 2 O 0) • i. t. -B ■;; s_ a c ^-2 .— o o ^ "« is « (U "3 "o a o -3 cs M :i3 -= ^ .&^ ^ rt c3 , • S -3 ^ 3 -^^ •_5 oT ;> ^ ^:2 fcC o .2 a -213 . %^ ^'S >i2 -^^S-^e^-ii, aj « ra o 2 1- - 2 J5 « g-Sjg 3 . ca tn t3 o ■ ^^ S Pm 'C 9J 3 bo's 00 t/2 O 364 Limiean Society. [March 7? Melianthus being usually considered as an anomalous form of Zy- gophyllece, the question presents itself, to what natural class this last order is to be referred ? Is it also to be admitted simply as a tribe of Rutaceas (as defined by the Jussieus), or shall we follow Mr. Ro- bert Brown in considering it as an independent order ? The author not only declares in favour of the latter opinion, but expresses his belief that while, on the one hand, Diosmece (including Rutece, Dios- mea proper, Zanthoxylece and Aurantiacece), together -with. Simarubece and MeliacecE, constitute a natural class, so, on the other hand, Zygo- phyllecE, Oxalidece, Connaracea, Legiiminosa and Moringea are closely connected into one group, not only by their general structure and fades, but by the common tendency of their compound leaves to periodical sleep, or occasionally to movement under an irritating in- fluence, a physiological phsenomenon connected with the structural fact of the articulation of the foliole with the petiole on which it moves. Neither of the two natural classes just mentioned admits, in the opinion of the author, the new order of Melianthece. The pinnate leaves, irregular flowers, excentric and incomplete disc placed outside of the stamens, the quaternary proportion * of these organs in contrast with the quinary division of the calyx, the occasional cohesion of two of the sepals, the close analogy of the follicular capsule of Diplerisma with that of Cardiospennuin, and of the coriaceous fruit and arillate seeds of Bersamece with the corre- sponding parts mPaullinia, and the fact of a species o{ Natalia being justly named PaMZ/i/zzo/c^e^, are the points by which the close affinity of Melianthece with Sapindacece are traced out. Thus by the know- ledge of very recent materials (^Bersama and Natalia being both but lately discovered) are confirmed the views which Adanson expressed upon the affinities of Melianthus, when, in his otherwise rather hete- rogeneous family of Gerania, he placed that singular genus between Cardiospermum and Geranium. After some other general considerations, the author concludes with a review of the geographical distribution of Melianthece, the most striking fact mentioned being the occurrence of Melianthus Hima- layanus, Wall., in the mountains of northern India, while its only congener, the well-kno-wn Melia?ithus major, L., does not exceed the limits of the flora of the Cape of Good Hope. * Bersama must here be excepted, because of its five stamens. 1848.] Linnean Society. 3(Jii March 21. E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Read a Memoir " On the Australian species of the Coleopterous genus Bolboceras, Kirby," By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &c. In this paper, which contains the characters and descriptions of five new species of Bolboceras from Australia, Mr. Westwood passes in review the various writers on the subject, and enters into some critical detail on the characters which they have assigned to the genus. The following are the characters of the new species pro- posed:— 1. B. (Elephastomus) KiRBii ; castaneo-ftilvus, capitis cornu antico por- recto brevi truncato piano subtus in spiiiam bifidam Jiaud pvoducto, vertice carina brevi transversa, protlioracis lateribus valde punctatis utriiique fossulatis ; disco postice canali abbreviate loiigitudinali in- structo. — Long. corp. lin. 9. B. (Elephastomus) Kirbii, Hope MSS. Hob. in Terra Van Diemen. In Mus. Hope. This appears to be the insect given by Mr. MacLeay as the female of Elephastomus proboscideus. It is however a male, and is given by Dr. Klug as a variety of the male of that species. The insect above described appears sufficiently distinct as a species from the former. 2. B. Reichii ; castaneus nitidus, capite coruu valde elongate erecto, prothorace antice valde deflexo et subconcavo cornubus duebus crassis longitudiue capitis porrectis lateralibus armato : singulo versus basin dente obtuse erecto instructo ; prothoracis lateribus rude punctatis spatioque triangulari impresso et punctato ante scutellum ; margine postico pariim elevate, elytris striis gracillimis punctatis, tibiis anticis extus 5-dentatis. $ . — Long. cerp. lin. 11 ; lat. prothoracis lin. 7. Hub. Port Essington. In Muss. Hope et Reich. S Bolboceras Reichii, Guerin, Voyage de la Favorite, et Iconogr. da Regue An. Ins. p. 84. Bolboceras Kirbii 3 , Hope in Proc. of Ent. Soc, Nov. 1841, p. 43. 5 Bolboceras Kirbii, Bainbridge in Trans. Ent. Sec- DifFert capite mineri, veitice in tuberculum conicum apice bifidum elevate, clypeo et vertice carina tenui angulaia separatis, pronoto antice spatio subhexagone piano polite, in puncta duo profunda antice lateraliter desinente ; disco pone medium valde punctato, versus marginera posti- cum elevate laevi, spatio ovali mediano punctato et impresso relicto, — Long. corp. lin. 11. Hob. ad Melville Island, Mus. Hope (etiam in Mus. Gory, nunc Hope cum nomine B. Reichii inscripto). No. XXXV. — Proceedings of the Linnean Society. 366 Linnean Society. [Mar. 21, Obs. The name given to the male 6f this species is here retained in preference to that of the female, in accordance with the usual custom in such cases. 3. B. Taurus ; castaneus uitidus, capitis vertice utiinquelaminis duabus auriculatis erectis instructo corniibusque duobus elongatis curvatis iiigris ante oculos armato, pronoto in medio versus marginem anticmn parum reflexo sen tiiberculis duobus ti'ansversis subelevatis instructo ; lateri- bus punctatis. — Long. corp. hn. 8. Hah, ad Swan River. In Mus. Hope (olim Gory, sub nomine manu- scripto supra indicato ; etiam in Mus. Saunders). 4. B. Capueolus; castaneus uitidus, capite postice nigricante; vertice cornu lato furcato 6-dentato erccto armato, pronoto antice vetuso glabro, dorso caring transversa pone medium instructo, mandibulis magnis extus denticulatis. S . — Long. corp. hn. 9. Hah. in No\a Hollandia, Swan River. In Mus. Hope (ohm Mus. Gory, cum nomine supra inscripto designatum). 5. B. Bainbridgii ; piceus, capitis clypeo antice tridentato, dente inter- niedio minori; vertice inermi, pronoto antice valde declivi dente erecto versus marginem anticum; parte dechvi supra carina ciuvata mar- ginata. — Long. corp. lin. 7. Hah, in Nova Hollandia, Swan River. In Mus. D. Hope. Of these species, as well as of B. (^Elephastomus) Australasiee, Kirby, B. serricoUis, Bainbridge, B. hastifer, Bainb., B. Z-tuherculatus, Bainb., B. 7-tubercuIatus, Bainb., B. coronatus, Klug, B. quadricornis , Klug, B. neglectus, Hope, B. rotundatus, Hope, and B. rubescens, Hope, Mr. Westwood adds figures, either of the whole insect or of the more distinctive parts. He also figures and describes a new sub- genus with the following characters : — Subgenus Stenaspidius. Corpus magis elongatum quarn in BoJhocerath veris ; sculello elongato (nee triangulari) ; elytris striis 5 tantiim inter humeros et suturam ; mesosterno porrecto. DifFert etiam colore antennaiaim. Bolboceras (Stenaspidius) NiGRicoRNis; ovalis niger nitidus sparsim punctatus, capite tuberculo conico inter oculos, pronoto canali punctate medio aliisque duobus abbreviatis pone oculos, elytris striato-punctatis. — Long. corp. Hn. S^. Hah. in Nova Hollandia. In Mus. D. Hope (olim Gory, cum nomine supra indicato inscripto). 1848.] Linnean Sociefy. 3G7 April 4. E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Thomas Worthington Barlow, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Read some " Notes on the Vegetation of Scinde," extracted from a Letter addressed by John Ellerton Stocks, Esq., M.D., to J. F. Royle, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c., dated Bombay, November 25, 1847. The extracts consisted, first, of a sketch of the physical geogra- phy, soil and climate of the neighbourhood of Kurrachee, of the road from Kurrachee to Hydrabad, and of that between Hydrabad and Roree ; secondly, of lists of the more remarkable plants aiTanged according to the stations in which they Avere found ; thirdly, of com- parative estimates of the prevalent proportions of the principal Na- tural Orders as compared with the Flora of India generally ; fourthly, of lists of the characteristic plants of Scinde, and of those which predominate in the number of individuals to such an extent as to give a peculiar character to the face of the country ; and lastly, of an indication of those species by which the Flora of Scinde is con- nected severally with those of Cabool, of Arabia, of Egypt, and of the Punjaub and Delhi. In a postscript to his letter, which was accompanied by a packet of specimens. Dr. Stocks refers to Captain Vicary's paper on the Plants of Scinde, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta for November 1847, which he had received subsequently to writing the letter, and to his own remarks printed by Sir William J. Hooker, from a letter addressed to him in the Supplement to the Botanical Magazine for September. He desires that Captain Vicai-y's pub- lished names of various species may be substituted for his own MS. names ; and remarks that Captain Vicaiy's jEgialitis is a true Statice ; his Breweria evolvuloides is Seddera latifolia, Hochst. and Steud. ; his CalUgonum polygo7ioides is certainly a new genus, for which Dr. Stocks had in his MSS. proposed the name of Gibsonia-^ his Morisonia Asiatica is M. Lawiana, Stocks, in Calcutta Journal, 1846 ; his Zygophyllum obtusum is Z. simplex, L. ; his Corchorus de- pressus is C. kumilis, Munro ; his frutescent Crambe is a species of Didesmus, D. panduriformis, Stocks ; and his Cadaba Indica is a fine Capparis, probably new, and found also in Arabia. Dr. Stocks pro- poses the name of Vicarya for a new genus of Malvacea M'hich he 368 Linnean Society. [April 18, purposes describing, along witli Gibsonia and Sericostoma, a new genus of BoraginecE, in the next number of the Bombay Asiatic Journal. April 18. T. Horsfield, M.D., V.P., in the Chair. Read a continuation of Mr. Newport's Third Memoir " On the Anatomy and Development of Meloe." The author remarked that every normal change in structure de- pends on definite laws, and that when the proper operation of these is impeded, or when change is effected by violence, the function of structure is impaired. After mentioning that Malpighi, in his anatomy of the Silk- worm, glanced at, and Dr. Willis, in this country, at the end of the seven- teenth century, more particularly announced, the view that changes in structure in all animals are regulated by those general principles which have since been so admirably worked out by Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, Mr. Newport stated that his object in the present memoir is to further exemplify these principles in the Anatomy oi Meloe, and to endeavour to apply them to the explanation of function as de- pendent on structure. Although the object of variations in structure cannot always be at once traced in the details, it is invariably evident in the general design of parts, and it is found to be so likewise in their peculiarities in proportion as we become more fully acquainted with the habits of animals, as is shown in the details of structure in the young Meloe and Stylops at particular periods of their growth. Changes in the structure of parts during growth in the young animal were shown to commence in the cells of the tegument, and that it is by means of these that the form of the body is gradually altered. These changes are not to be confounded with other secondary ones which give form to the adult animal, and which we are familiar with as the meta- jnorphoses. The dermal appendages, spines, hairs and scales, were shown to be similar in their mode of origin in the tegument to the appendages of segments, and their growth and removal to be regulated by the same principles. Mr. Newport showed that the appendages originate by an extension outwards of the whole of the layers of a portion of tegument, whilst spines, hairs and scales originate in the nuclei of J 1848.] Linnean Society. 369 cells of separate layers. He stated also that he had detected these modes of origin in the embryo before it leaves the ovum, and com- bated the vievi^ of M. Lavalle that spines are originally an extension outwards of the whole of the dermal tissue, as they are often found to be in Crustacea at advanced periods of growth, showing that they only become so in them, and in the larvae of other Artimlata, during their growth and enlargement, by involving contiguous portions of the tissue. These views were illustrated by examination of the te- gument of Melbe, and by reference to the changes in the tegument of Lepidoptera at the period of transformation. The author then passed to a consideration of the secondary causes of development — the metamorphoses — and pointed out, from an ex- amination of the cast skin of the larva of Meloe, which always remains attached to the body of the inactive full-grown larva in its cell, what are its previous habits and form, drawing attention to the fact, that the cast skin of an insect, when relaxed and unfolded, enables the anatomist of the Invertebrata to indicate the form and general habits of a species as precisely as the fossil bone enables the comparative anatomist of the Vertebrata to indicate those of the in- habitant of a former world. The changes which Meloe undergoes were then described ; and the mode of formation of the head in the Articulata explained as composed of a definite number of originally distinct segments. Mr. Newport referred to his former discovery of these segments in the embryo of Geophilus, and stated, in answer to the recent denial of some parts of his views by Professor Erichson, regarding the organs of manducation in Myriapoda, that he has satisfied himself of their correctness, having not only confirmed them in that class, but also in the embryos of other Articulata. These views he then ap- plied to illustrate the anatomy of the head and organs of manducation in Meloe, showing the mode in which the changes in the structure of the mandibles are effected, and pointing out corresponding changes in the function of the parts ; noticing also that change in structure during the growth of an animal usually precedes change in the function of an organ, — a circumstance which leads to the inference that function is closely dependent on special structure. The secondary changes during the development of Articulata, the metamorphoses, are effected, not by the tegument itself, but by the agency of structures connected with the tegument — the muscles. The author stated that we are entirely ignorant of the secret cause which first excites the muscles, at a definite period of growth, into action in effecting these changes ; but suggested that it is in the expansive 370 Liunean Society. [M^y ~, and contractile forms of growth in the tissues themselves. All that is known with certainty is, that it is through the direct agency of the muscles that the form of body of the insect is rapidly altered at the period of the metamorphoses, and that the operation of these is accelerated or retarded by physical influences. The mode in which the muscles operate in effecting the changes was then pointed out, and the altered proportions of diiferent parts of the body after the change was shown to depend on the greater or less extent to which the contra,ction of the muscles of different segments is carried. The result of these altered proportions in the tegument of an in- sect that is changing to the form of jDupa or nymph, as in Meloe, is a rapid re-induction of the forces of growth in the appendages, the future wings and legs, which become greatly elongated, at and im- mediately after the change. These alterations of form are accom- panied as a last result by changes in the intimate structure of the tegument, a consolidation of a large portion of it, and the formation of the dermo-skeleton of the imago. May 2. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. M. J. Decaisne was elected a Foreign Member, and John Fraser, Esq., an Associate. The Society passed a Resolution expressive of its deep regret at receiving, at the moment when about to ballot on the Certificate of Prof. J. G. Zuccarini as a Foreign Member, the intelligence of his lamented death. Read a memoir " On the Anatomy and affinities of Pteronarcys regalis, Newm." By George Newport, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. &c. Mr. Newport commenced by stating that the existence of a winged insect with branchial organs for resjjiration is so anomalous a condition of life, that himself as well as others at first regarded the specimen he had obtained rather as an accidental instance of incomplete development than a normal condition. He found how- ever, one omparing his specimen, preserved in spirit, with other dried specimens in the cabinets of the British Musuem, that this was not the case, as evidences of branchiae are to be found in the whole of the dried specimens of the genus in that collection. Having waited some years since obtaining this specimen, in hopes 1848.] Linnean Society. 371 of receiving others for the purpose of dissection, the author has now made a careful examination of the insect. He described the forms of branchiae in different genera of Neuroptera, and pointed out that the peculiarity of Pteronarcys consists in its possessing in its winged state, both branchiae for aquatic respiration and spiracles for the direct respiration of air. He then described the branchiae, their connexion with the respi- ratory organs, and the mode in which the blood circulates through them, as he has seen in a neighbouring family, Sicdis, and reviewed what is yet known of the habits of the insect in connexion with these remarkable structures. The author regards Pteronarcijs, from the circumstance of its pos- sessing in its winged state the means of both aquatic and aerial respiration, as an Insect Pi'oteus, the representative of the Proteus of Vertebrata, both in structure and habits. The anatomy of some parts of the dermo-skeleton, of the spiracles, and of the distribution of its internal respiratory organs, as compared with that of neighbouring genera, is then described, as well as of the digestive organs, and nervous and reproductive system. These are minutely examined and the structures delineated on an accompanying plate. Anniversary Meeting. May 24. The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 'I'his day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and that ap- pointed by the Charter for the election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting, and stated the num- ber of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year ; and the Secretary read the following notices of those Fellows with whose decease the Society had become acquainted since the last Anniversary. Mr. Arthur Biggs was for sCrae time gardener to Isaac^wainson, Esq., and afterwards Curator of the Cambridge Botanic Garden. He was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society in 1815, soon after his appointment to the latter office ; and in December of the same year he became a Fellow of the Society. While in the service of 373 Linnean Society. [May 24, Mr. Swainson he contributed to the first volume of the ' Transactions of the Horticultural Society,' a paper entitled " An Account of some new Apples which, with many others that have been cultivated, were exhibited before the Horticultural Society on the 2nd of December last [1806]." He died in the early part of the present year. John Dunston, Esq., of Castle House, Sidbury, near Honiton, Devon, became a Fellow of the Society in 1818, and died on the 11th of August 1847, at the age of 68. John Ellis, Esq., became a Fellow of the Society in 1797, and of the Royal Society inj.801. William Finch, Esq., M.D., of Bellevue, near Salisbury, became a Fellow of the Society in 1837, and died on the 7th of January 1848. Geo7-ge Townshend Fox, Esq., was a gentleman of property in the county of Durham, and warmly attached to the study of natural history, and especially of British ornithology. He published in 1827 a " Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, late the Allan, formerly the Tunstall, or Wycliffe Museum : to which are prefixed Memoirs of Mr. Tunstall, the Founder, and of Mr. Allan, the late Proprietor, of the Collection, with occasional Remarks on the Species, by those Gentlemen and the Editor," Newcastle, 8vo. This volume is chiefl.y remarkable, in a natural-history point of view, for the notes on the capture of the rarer species of British birds, and on the distinctions of the more doubtful, which evince considerable research and know- ledge of the subject. Mr. Fox was himself a large contributor to the museum he described, and in which he continued to take great interest up to the time of his death, in April of the present year. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1825. The Rev. John Hailstone, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. 8(C., was born in the neighbourhood of London, in the year 1759, and at a very early age was placed under the care of a maternal uncle at York, and after- wards sent to Beverley School in the East Riding of that county. At the usual period he was entered at Catherine Hall, in the University of Cambridge ; his talents, however, attracted the notice of his friends, and he removed by their advice to a larger place of competition and honour. Trinity College, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1782, and was the second Wrangler of his year, in company with Dr. Wood the late Master of St. John (who was Senior Wrangler), Dr. Raine (late Master of the Charter House), Professor Person and many other distinguished men. He was soon afterwards elected Fellow of his College, and in 1788 became Wood- wardian Professor of Geology in the University, which office he held until 1818, when he relinquished it and his Fellowship, upon 1848.] Li/mean Society. 373 his marriage, and took the living of Trumpington, in the gift of the College, where he resided until his death. His course during nearly forty years' residence within the walls of Trinity College was marked as well by eminence in the scien- tific world, as by unwearied exertions to raise the College to high repute and usefulness as a place of sound learning and religious education. The science of geology was at that time in its infanc)'', and Professor Hailstone was among the foremost in placing its grand deductions upon that satisfactory basis which is received and re- cognized by geologists at the present day. His labours in collecting facts and specimens during the various journeys which he took for the purpose through the British Isles, as well as on the continent of Europe, are abundantly testified by the important and extensive additions which he made to the WoodM^ardian Museum. His zeal also, exercised among many influential friends of the University, contributed to excite an interest in the improvement of the collec- tion, which has since made such rapid progress under the very able auspices of his successor Professor Sedgwick. He became a Fellow of this Society in ISOOj^f theRoyal_Society in 1801, and a Member of the Geological Society on its first forma- tion. Although geology was his favourite pursuit, he was not un- acquainted with other branches of science, such as the kindred ones of chemistry and mineralogy, and other departments of natural history, and has left behind him a daily register of Meterological Phsenomena which he kept for a great number of years. He was the intimate friend of Drs. Wollaston, Clarke, and many other sci- entific men, in communication with them, and enjoyed their corre- spondence. His modest and unobtrusive character found a genial sphere in the quiet duties of a parish priest : the last twenty-five years of his long and useful life were spent in doing good among those who resided around him at Trumpington ; the rich valued his calm and sound judgement, and the poor looked up to him with reverence and affection for the continual interest he took in their welfare, and for his liberality and benevolence towards them. The parochial schools and residence for a master, mainly erected at his own expense, and most liberally endowed by his will, stand in his village a substantial and fitting me- morial of his high and amiable character. He died at Trumpington, June 9, 1847, after a short illness, in the 88th year of his age, Edward Holme, Esq., M.D., was one of those " who are men- tioned with reverence rather for the possession than the exertion of uncommon abilities." Whether from a severely fastidious taste. 374 Linnean Society. [May 24, .which he was unable to satisfy, from painfully laborious habits of composition, or from his mental tendencies impelling him rather to accumulate knowledge than to extend its boundaries, he has left to the world no measure of his intellectual stature. His only printed essay, besides his Inaugural Thesis, is a brief note on the correct reading of a partly effaced Roman inscription. It was in social intercourse, and in animated discussions, that his extensive knowledge and remarkable mental powers were exclusively mani- fested ; and, as far as it may be safe to judge from such unwritten demonstrations of great talents, he would appear to have been one, who in the impressive words of Playfair " might have enjoyed more of the fame, had he been less satisfied with the possession, of knowledge." Dr. Holme was born February 17, 1770, at Kendal in Lancashire. No notices have been preserved of his early studies ; but in January 1787 he was admitted a student in the Academy that had been recently established in Manchester. From thence he was removed in the summer of 1790 to the University of Gdttingen, where he laid the foundations of his vast and accurate scholarship, and where he enjoyed the inestimable privilege of sitting at the feet of Heyne. He passed the winters of 1791-2 and 1792-3 in attending the Medical Classes and the Chemical Lectures of Dr. Blake in Edin- burgh. In December 1793 he received the degree of M.D. fi'om the University of Leyden. His Thesis ' De Structura et Usu Vasorum Absorbentium ' is a faithful and masterly exposition of what was then known of the anatomical structure and functions of that system of vessels. In April 1794 he was elected one of the Physicians to the Manchester Infirmarj^ an appointment which he held till the year 1828. He also became in 1794 a member of the Literary and Philo- sophical Society of Manchester, and filled in succession all its offices of honour, having been raised to the Presidency in 1844 on the death of Dal ton. During this long period he communicated nume- rous papers, all of which he withheld from publication. One of them, " On the History of Sculpture from the earliest period to the time of Phidias," was found among his MSS., and is now about to be pub- lished in the forthcoming volume of the Manchester Memoirs. Beyond the pale of his profession his pursuits were chiefly lite- rary. His exact and critical knowledge of the ancient languages, and his familiarity with the writings of the leading scholars and philologists from the revival of letters to the time of Bentley, had secured for him the warm friendship and respect of Parr. He was profoundly read in history, and especially conversant with local 1843.] Linnean Society. 375 antiquities, genealogy and heraldry, particularly those of the counties of Lancaster and Chester. In science his tastes had earlj' directed him to the sciences of classification, and with marked predilection to botany, entomology, and ornithology. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1799; and was one of the founders and the first President of the Natural History Society of Manchester. He was zealously active in enriching the museum of the latter Society with rare specimens, and in promoting the erection of suitable apartments for their pre- servation and display. His library was adorned with the most costly illustrated w^orks in natural history. Indeed his dominant passion, the love of books, might be traced in his infinitely greater familiarity with the literature of the natural sciences than with actual objects and specimens. Among the essays which he read before the Philo- sophical Society of Manchester were some on questions of natural history, as 1797. On the Colour of Negroes, with illustrations of the Law of Habit. 1798. On the Distribution and Physiology of the Nerves of the Heart. 1801. An Entomological Fragment. 1803. On the Existence of the Unicorn. None of these have been discovered in his repositories. He de- clined permitting any of them to appear in the Manchester Memoirs, i-ather destining them to furnish the subject of an evening's discussion, than regarding them as valuable additions to the then state of know- ledge. His attainments in zoology are pronounced by good judges to have been accurate and comprehensive ; but it does not appear that there was any special province which he had cultivated with strong preference and prominent success. Nature had endowed him with a memory no less "remarkable for the tenaciousness of its grasp than for the readiness of its responses, when invoked. What he had once read or heard remained with him through life, as if engraven on tablets of brass or marble. This faculty rendered him distinguished service in the studies of natural history ; but there is nothing to show that his power of observation was at all of commensurate vigour or activity. It is impossible to claim for him rank as an original cultivator of any branch of natural history. Perhaps the full occupation of his time in the engrossing exercise of his profession might be pleaded as a valid apology. But from tracing the same indisposition to original mental efforts, at least in the form of per- manent written fruits, throughout his entire intellectual career, pro- 376 Linnean Society. [May 24, fessional, literary and scientific, his able biographer Dr. William Charles Henry is inclined to refer it to inherent mental qualities. He died in November 1847, and bequeathed the residue of his property, amounting to £25,000, to the Medical Department of University College, London. James Kendrick, Esq., M.D., of Warrington, for many years Senior Physician to the Dispensary and Infirmary of that town, where he had established an extensive practice, became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1802, and died in the spring of the present year. He published in 1832 a little pamphlet entitled "Cursory Re- marks on the present Epidemic [Cholera]." William Oliver Locke, Esq., M.D., of Norwich, was elected F.L.S. in 1824, and died in the month of February 1846. John Morgan, Esq., was born at Stamford Hill, on the 20th of January 1797. His father, William Morgan, was the late well- known and distinguished Actuary of the Equitable Assurance Office, an institution which owed its unprecedented success in great measure to his talents and firmness. Having received his general education at home, Mr. Morgan commenced his professional studies as an articled pupil of the late Sir Astley Cooper. He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1819, and in 1824, at the early age of 27, he was elected Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, at the school of which institution he filled the Chair of Surgery for many years ; and to his influence is mainly due the establishment of the Eye Infirmary in connexion witii the Hospital. He was also a Member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, which appointment he received in 1843. Of his reputation as a Hospital Surgeon, as an Operator, and as a Surgical Physician, if the term may be allowed, it is not necessary on this occasion to speak at large. The voice of the profession has however established his character as among the highest in all these departments of professional practice. It is more to our present pur- pose to refer to his scientific attainments and tastes, and particu- larly to his pursuit of zoology and comparative anatomy. His knowledge of British ornithology was accurate and extensive ; and he formed one of the most complete and beautiful collections of British birds in existence, which is now in the museum of the Cam- bridge Philosophical Society. He devoted at one period much of his attention to the subject of comparative anatomy, and the volumes of the ' Linnean Transactions ' contain some papers on this depart- ment of science, which show the acumen with which he always seized 1848.] Linnean Society . 377 on important facts, and the clearness with which he elucidated their bearing upon the functions to which they appertained. His descrip- tion of the mammary organs of the Kangaroo, and that of the struc- ture of the pharynx in the Capybara, both contained in the 16th vol. of our ' Transactions,' may be regarded as models of monographs of single organs. The most striking characteristic of Mr. Morgan's mind was simple truthfulness. There scarcely lived a man more utterly free from all guile, or of more childlike simplicity. His whole heart was open as the day to those whom he loved, and as close and dark as midnight to those whom he held at a distance. This arose not from any misanthropic feeling on his part, but rather was the natural result of the intensity and concentration of his aifections. Of his bene- volence the world knew but little in comparison with its actual ex- tent. The same character distinguished his scientific pursuits. As he would have scorned to assume to himself the credit due to another, so he insisted on retaining the credit which belonged to himself, and this too from the same truthfulness which marked all his conduct. His conversation was delightful when alone with those " few familiar friends " with whom he had no reserve, but an habitual reserve ari- sing from natural and educational timidity prevented him from open,' ing to the multitude, and hence he was not generally appreciated. To use the words of one who knew him well, " In public life ad- mired and respected, in private beloved, Mr. Morgan sank beneath a gradual and almost painless malady, the surely fatal termination of which it was his melancholy advantage from the first to foresee." He died on the 4th of October last, in the 51st year of his age. His election as a Fellow of the Linnean Society dates from 1826. William Peete, Esq., one of our oldest Fellows, having been elected into the Society in 1794, was born on the 27th of June 1771, obtained his diploma in surgery in 1799, and became resident in or about the year 1795 at Dartford in Kent, where he entered into partnership with Mr., afterwards Dr. John Latham, the distin- guished ornithologist. When Dr. Latham quitted Dartford in 1796 Mr. Peete succeeded to his practice, and in the year 1833, after having lived at Dartford for about eight-and-thirty years, he retired to Keston and subsequently to Bromley, in the same county, wiiere he died on the 4th of February in the present year, in the 77th year of his age. Mr. Peete was well acquainted with British plants, to the study of which he particularly attached himself, especially of the rarer species of the neighbourhood in which he lived, and his opinion on all questions regarding them was deservedly treated with great respect. 378 Linnean Society. [May 24, Edwin John Quekett, Esq., was born at Langport in the county of Somerset in September ISOS. He received his elementary educa- tion as a Surgeon in that town, and in 1828 commenced his attend- ance on the Medical Classes at University College, London, where he gained several honorary distinctions. He subsequently entered into practice in Wellclose Square, and became Surgeon to the Tower Hamlets Dispensary. In 1 835 he became Lecturer on Botany in the Medical School of the London Hospital, and in the following year was elected into the Linnean Society. He took an active part in the formation of the Microscopical Society, which was founded in 1840, and contributed the first paper to its ' Transactions.' In 1843 he became joint- editor with Dr. Goodfellow of the ' London Physio- logical Journal,' a monthly periodical devoted especially to micro- scopical investigations, but of which five numbers only were pub- lished. Mr. Quekett had the reputation of a well-informed and sound practitioner, and was greatly esteemed for his kindness of disposition and indefatigable attention to his patients. He died on the 28th of last June, of a singularly anomalous and distressing complaint, first affecting the pharynx and subsequently the lungs, and for a long time rendering deglutition impossible. As a microscopical observer Mr. Quekett is deserving of great credit. A skilful manipulator and possessed of considerable tact in the preparation of his subjects, he combined much mechanical inge- nuity with an accurate theoretical as well as practical knowledge of the capabilities of his instrument ; and his observations were conse- quently entitled to a high degree of confidence. The more import- ant of his contributions to science are contained in our ' Transac- tions,' in those of the Microscopical Society and in the ' Physiolo- gical Journal.' A few also appeared in the ' London Medical Gazette,' and in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal.' The following are the titles of Mr. Quekett's papers in the ' Trans- actions ' of the Linnean and Microscopical Societies : — " Observations on the Ergot of Rye, and some other Grasses," Linn. Trans, xviii. p. 453. " Some further Observations on the Nature of the Ergot of Grasses," ibid. xix. p. 137. " On the Development of the Vascular Tissue of Plants," Trans. Micr. Soc. i. p. 1. *' On the Structure of some Tissues possessing hygrometric pro- peties," ibid. p. 23. " On the Nature of Vessels possessing longitudinal as well as spi- ral fibres, found in certain Plants," ibid. p. 157. " On an instance, of Monstrosity in a Moss," ibid. p. 160. 1848.] Linnean Society. 379 " On the Structure of the Ligament connecting the Valves of Conchiferous Mollusks." Linn. Trans, ii. p. 1. " Remarks relating to the examination of Guano by the Micro- scope," ibid. p. 29. George Roddam, Esq., M.D., a naval physician of much skill and eminence, was attached to natural history, and made collec- tions in several of its departments, especially entomology. He entered the Navy in 1797 as Surgeon of H.M.S. Thorn, on the Leeward Island Station, and continued to serve in various ships of war until 1812, when he was appointed Surgeon of the Royal Charlotte yacht. From this time his services were confined to the Royal yachts, and he finally retired from active service in 1831. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1813, and died on the 11th of October 1838. Thomas Taylor, Esq., M.D., the. coadjutor of Sir W. J. Hooker in the 1st and 2nd editions of ' Muscologia Britannica,' was possessed of a moderate independent income, which obviated the necessity of his devoting himself to the practice of his profession, and was thus enabled to follow the bent of his inclination, and to make botany, and especially cryptogamic botany, the business of his life. He re- sided chiefly in the South of Ireland, and during the existence of the Royal Cork Scientific Institution, occupied the chair of Botany and Natural History in that establishment ; but afterwards retired to Dunkerron, Kenmare, in the immediate neighbourhood of the lakes of Killarney, where the latter years of his life were passed in studious retirement. T\\&Musci, Hepatica and Licheties formed the principal subjects of his study. His intimate knowledge of the first was tes- tified by his contributions to the ' Muscologia Britannica ;' an im- portant memoir on the Marchantiece, published in the 17th volume of our 'Transactions,' evidences his profound acquaintance with the Hepaticae; and several contributions to SirW. J. Hooker's various periodical publications, show that he had paid great attention to the very difficult family of Lichens. He also contributed largely to the Cryptogamic portion of Dr. J. D. Hooker's ' Flora Antarctica ;' of the Hepaticee and Lichenes of which work a Synopsis was given in the 3rd volume of Hooker's ' London Journal of Botany,' together with a Supplement to the Hepaticce in vol. iv. Dr. Taylor is described by those who were most familiarly ac- quainted with him, as possessing a mind well-stored in various branches of science and literature, while his gentle and amiable manner rendered him a great favourite with all who had the happi- ness of his acquaintance. He became a Fellow of the Linnean So- 380 Linnean Society. [May 24, ciety in 1814, and died at Dunkerron in the month of February of the present year. The following are the titles of some of his papers which are not more particularly mentioned in the preceding sketch : — " On a new British Jungermannia {J. microscopica) ," Hooker's Journ. of Bot. iv. p. 97. " On six species of Jungermannice new to Britain," Hooker's Lend. Journ. of Bot. iv. p. 276. "The distinctive characters of some new species of Musci, col- lected by Professor William Jameson in the vicinity of Quito, and by Mr. James Drummond at Swan River," ibid. v. p. 41. " New Hepaticce (chiefly from Sir W. J. Hooker's Herbarium)," ibid. V. pp. 258 and 365. " New Lichens, principally from the Herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker," ibid. vi. p. 148. " Descriptions of new Musci and Hepaticce, collected by Professor William Jameson on Pichincha, near Quito," ibid. vi. p. 328. And Sir W. J. Hooker announces the publication of several others which will appear in the ' London Journal of Botany ' as posthumous memoirs. Richard Weekes, Esq., was educated to the medical profession, and was associated for some years with his father in an extensive and successful country practice at his native place. Hurst Pierpoint, in the county of Sussex, where he continued to reside till the time of his death. Soon after his father's death he retired from practice. He inherited from his father a taste for natural history, as well as for antiquarian pursuits ; and became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1806. He died on the 24th of December last, in the 64th year of his age. Thomas Wheeler, Esq., was born in the city of London in the year 1754. He received his elementary education under Mr, Garrow, the father of the late Sir William Garrow, and was subsequently a scholar at St. Paul's School. In the course of his medical studies, he at- tended the Anatomical Lectures of Mr. Hewson, and the Chemical and Medical Lectures of Dr. George Fordyce. From this distin- guished man he received many marks of kindness during his attend- ance on the clinical practice of St. Thomas's Hospital : nor did these cease except with the life of the teacher. At an early period Mr. Wheeler exhibited a great fondness for the study of botany : this w^as much encouraged by his teacher William Hudson, author of the ' Flora Anglica,' at that time the Pro- fessor of Botany to the Society of Apothecaries in London. When 1848.] Linnean Society. 381 this office became vacant by the resignation of William Curtis, author of the ' Flora Londinensis,' Mr. Wheeler became his successor, and continued to discharge its duties with great pleasure to himself and advantage to his pupils for the long period of forty years. In the year 1800 he was elected to be the Apothecary of Christ's Hospital, and six years afterwards he received the same appoint- ment at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in which office he continued fourteen years. In manners and habits Mr. Wheeler was distin- guished by childlike simplicity, and he was remarkable for not having partaken of fermented liquors for nearly eighty years. He died in August 1847, having entered upon his 94th year. His Fellowship of the Linnean Society dates from 1799. Sir John Eardley Wihnot, Bart., was the grandson of Sir Eardley Wilmot, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in the early part of the reign of George the Third. He was educated at Harrow, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1801. He went the Midland Circuit for several years, but soon ceased to practise as a Barrister, and took up his residence at his seat in Warwickshire, in which county he became Chainnan of the Quarter Sessions, and afterwards one of the Members for its Northern Division. In 1821 he was created a Baronet, and in 1 843 he was appointed Lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land, where he died on the 3rd of February 1847, in the 64th year of his age. He was D.C.L., F.R.S., and F.S.A., and was twice married, first to the sister of Capt. Sir Edward Pairy, R.N., and secondly to a daughter of Sir Robert Chester, Knt., Master of the Ceremonies, by both of whom he has left a numerous family. The Secretary also announced that seventeen Fellows, one Asso- ciate and one Foreign Member had been elected since the last An- niversary. At the election which subsequently took place, the Lord Bishop of Norwich was re-elected President ; Edward Foi'ster, Esq., Treasurer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary; and Richard Taylor, Esq., Under-Secretary. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council in the room of others going out : viz. Beriah Botfield, Esq., F.R.S. ; William John Broderip, Esq., F.R.S. ; the Very Rev. Wil- liam Buckland, D.D., Dean of Westminster; Arthur Henfrey, Esq. ; and George Newport, Esq., F.R.S. No. XXXVI. — Proceedings of the Linnean Society. 382 Linnean Society. . [June 6, June 6. E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Arthur Edward Knox, Esq., M.A,, was elected a Fellow. Read a " Notice of some Peloria varieties of Viola canina, L." By Edward Forbes, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in King's College, London. These monstrosities were collected by Prof. Forbes in the Isle of Portland in the month of April. The plants in which they occurred were infested by the parasitic fungus figured in Sowerby's ' English Fungi ' under the name of Granularia Violce, and afforded not only many distortions of the foliaceous organs evidently due to the pre- sence of the fungus, but also various monstrosities of the flower, of which the author gives a particular description illustrated by drawings. These were found chiefly in the small variety of Viola canina, figured in the ' Supplement to English Botany ' as Viola flavicornis . One of these plants had two two- spurred flowers exactly similar and deviating from the ordinary structure in the following particulars : — There were four sepals, all enlarged and diseased, the superior being smaller than the others, the two lateral equal but abnormally large, and the anterior largest and not quite regular. The petals were also four in number, the two uppermost being regular and the two lowermost spurred. Each of the former had the little tufts of hairs seen on the lateral petals in the normal flower, and were similarly pale at the base and lineated with purple, while the two spurred petals Avere smooth and lineated. Of the four stamens the three uppermost were normal, the fourth much enlarged ; there were no antherine appendages, but at the bottom of each petal-spur there was a strong ridge not usually present and as if representing these ap- pendages. From these appearances the author infers that in these instances the two superior petals were abortive, the tufts of hairs on the two remaining superior petals showing that they correspond with the two lateral petals of the ordinary flower ; and that the two spurred petals were developed in the place of the ordinary single an- terior petal. He regards the enlarged anterior stamen as consisting of two, each making an unsuccessful eflFort to develope an appen- 1848.] Linnean Society. 383 dage ; and the enlarged anterior sepal also as made up of the union of the two ordinary lower sepals. In the former case the floral envelopes were regulated by the num- ber 4 : Prof. Forbes proceeds to describe a still more remarkable case of Peloria, in which they were regulated by the number 3. The three sepals are of normal and equal dimensions and the three petals all spurred, and nearly but not quite equal, the odd one, which is inferior, having a larger spur than either of the other two. There is no tuft of hairs on any of the petals, but they are all lineated. The stamina are five, all furnished with appendages, the two lowermost of which, fully developed, penetrate the spur of the anterior petal, while the spur of the left upper petal receives the fully-developed appendage of one of the stamina, and that of the right also one fully- developed appendage, the appendage of the fifth stamen (small and only partially developed) bending back after proceeding only a little way. A little below the flower, between it and the true bracteze, which present their usual appearance, there is a whorl of five bract- like sepals, between two of which, and directly beneath the largest- spurred petal of the monstrous flower, is a single petal partially de- veloped and exhibiting an abortive spur. " In this case," the author proceeds, " we have the outer whorl of floral envelopes developed, and an effort made towards the development of the second in the aborted basal petal ; then the axis elongating and terminating in a flower in which two of the sepals are aborted and four of the petals, viz. the two laterals and two superior ones, for the absence of tufts of hairs prevents our regarding two of the tlu'ee as the former, and the presence of lineated bases shows that thej' are not the latter. They are repetitions of the basal petal, which in this instance is multiplied by three, as in the cases before described it was multi- plied by two." In this plant no traces of the fungus were observed. Prof, Forbes cites the instances of Peloria among Violets recorded by Leers and DeCandolle, and refers to the view adopted by the latter and by M. Moquin-Tandon, viz. that the Peloria is caused by the tendency of all the petals to assume a spurred condition in con- sequence of a general effort as it were on the part of an irregular flower to become regular. He states that DeCandolle's figures are not sufficient to enable him to judge if such was the case in tlie in- stances depicted by him, but maintains that the Peloria Violets which form the subject of the present communication " owe their monstrous regularity to a very different phsenomenon, viz. the effort of an irre- gular fiower to become regular hy the multiplication and symmetri- calization of its irregular parts." 384 Linnean Society. [June 6, Read also " Descriptions of some new or imperfectly known spe- cies oi Bolboceras." By J. O. Westwood, Esq:, F.L.S. &c. In this paper Mr. Westwood proceeds, in continuation of his former communication (see p. 365), containing a Synopsis of the Australian species of Bolboceras, to give descriptions of others of the genus from various parts of the world, and especially from the East Indies. Tlae descriptions were accompanied as before with illustra- tive drawings. 1. Bolboceras Cyclops, Fabr. (Ent. Syst. i. p. 15 ; Oliv. Ent. i. 3. t. 15. f. 140) ; ferrugineus ; clypeo antice carina transversa tuberculisque duobus acutis instructo, vevtice linea tenui pariim elevata inter oculos, pronoto utrinque excavatione profunda subrotunda antice covnu acuto alteroque minovi versus medium armato : spatio inter cornua inter- media piano punctato antice linea semicirculari pariim elevata cincto canali vix distincto longitudinali ante scutellum terminato, elytris punc- tato-striatis striis tenuibus, tibiis anticis 8-dentatis. :baumii 210 ca3si)itosa 210 Cainschatceuse 25'J cai)illaris 211 capitata ■. 209 ■ cbordorliiza 210 cinnamonea 25/ claudestina 211 claviforinis 211 coacta 285 Columbiana 256 comosa 258 conglobata 288 ■ coriophora 256, 257 costata 212 crinalis 256 crinita 286 curta 210 curvula 210 ■ cyperoides 210 Darwinii 261 - — - Davalliana 209 decidua 255 decipieus 209 depauperata 211 digitata 211 diluta 260 dioica 209 ■ distans 211, 260 divisa 210 divulsa 210 dura 255 elongata 210 ■ ericetorum 211 ■ Esenbeckii 285 evoluta 212 exteusa 211 ferruginea 211 filicina 286 filiformis 212 finibriata 211 ' firma 211 flava 211 fcetida 210 frigida 211 fuliginosa 211 fulva 211 furcata 212, 258 fusca 212 Gebleri 261 geminata 254 geniculata 211 Geiiuensis 211 Geyeri 285 glauca 211 glancesccns 255 globosa 259 glonievata 285 Page Carex Goodeuovii 210,255 Grahami 180 Griffithii 286 ■ Grioletti 211 grypos 210 Gunniana 258 gynobasis 210, 259 heleoiiastes 210 birsuta 256 hirta 212, 259 hispida 211 bordeiformis 212 Hornsclmcbiana 211 Hoisfieldii 257 Hostiana 211 Hougbtonii 259 bymenolepis 288 inciina 210 intermedia 210 irrigua 211 Jackiaua 260 Jamesoni 258 Japonica 259 juiicea 286 juncoides 212 laevigata 211, 258 lagopina 210 lanceolata 211 LangsdorfRi 259 lasiochlcena 211 laxifiora 258 Lemanniana 256 ■ leucantha 257 Ligeiica 210 limosa 211 Linkii 210 lobata 210 loliacea 210 loiigiaristata 211 longirostrata 259 lucida 287 ludibunda 210 • macrolepis 210 Magellanica 257 Mairii 211 mauostacbys 212 meiogyna 286 Meitensii 256 Micbelii 211 microcarpa 211 microglocbin 210 microstacbya 210 microstyla 210 miser 286 modesta 210 Moenchiana 210 mollis 211 raoatana 211 Moorcroftii 288 • raucronata 210 muricata 210 ^94 INDEX. Page Carex Neesiana 260 • nesliaca 212 nigra 210 . nitida 211 nivalis 256 nutans 212 CEderi 211 ■ olivacea 286 orbicularis 254 ■ ornitbopoda 211 ■ ovalis 210 ■ paleata 259 pallescens 211 paludosa 212, 260, 287 panicea 211, 288 pauiculata 210 paradoxa 210 pauciflora 210 peudula 211, 286 phyllostacbj's 285 physocarpa 181, 287 Pichincheusis 255, 256 pilosa 211 pilulifera 21 1 platystachya 210, 257, 285 polytriclioides 284 praecox 211 • ■ Prescottiana 286 pruiuosa 255 pseudo-cyperus 211, 258 puljcscens 260 pulicaris 209 pulla 181, 254 pulla /3. fusca 181 punctata 211 Pvrenaica 210 Rafflesiana 285 raniosa 286 rapbidocarpa 286 — — rara 284 rariflora 211 reflexa 211 refracta 211 remota 210, 254 repens 210 rigida ISl, 210 ' riparia 212 rotundata 261 Rugeliana 286 rupestris 210 sanguinea 285 Sarda 210 saxatilis 180, 181, 210, 254 schoeuoides 210 Schreberi 210 secalina 212 senipervirens 211 setigera 288 • Sinai 260 socia 254 Soleirolii 212 Page Carex spadicea 211 spicata 210 spiculata 288 stellulata 210 stenophylla 210 striata , 261 strigosa 211 subdola 255 Sullivantii 287 supina 210 Suteri 209 — — sylvatica 211 tenuis 211 tenuissima 288 teretiuscula , 210 thecata 287 toinentosa 211 trichocarpa 260 trinervis 210, 285 triquetra 259 Tuckermaui 287 Tvveediaiia 259 umbrosa 211 ustulata 211 vaginata 211 Vahlii 210 valida 257 verna 288 vesicaria 212, 261 vulpina 210, 285 Walkeri 257 Careya arborea 280 herbacea 280 Carum Bulbocastaiium 51 Cassia obovata 16 obtusa 16 Catophractes Alexandii 4 Caulerpa prolifera 294 Cedrela Toona 178 Cenchrea dorsalis 85 Centaurea luoscliata 118 Cerapterus Brasiliensis 75, 113 Ilorsfieldii 75,113 latipes 113 MacLeaii 113 piceus 75, 113 4-niaculatus 113 quadriuotatus 75 Smitbii 113 Westermanni 75,113 Ceratoderus bifasciatus 113 Cereus graudiflorus 8 speciosissimus 68 tetragonus 7 Cethosia 234 Chsetophora 165 Chara crinita 294 Chartergus Morio 189 Cbeirotonus MacLeayii 78 Chiasognathus Grantii 346 Chiton 322, 323 INDEX. 395 Page Chitonellus 322, 323 Chitonellus fasciatus 323 Chondrus crispus 268,283 Choripetaluni aurantiacum 327 ■ undulatum 327 viridiflomm 327 Chrysffius Javanicus 236 ■ soccatus 236 Sumatrensis 236 ChiTSochroa Ed-svardsii 128 Chrysocyathus 17 Chrysophyllum monopyreuum 99 Cibotium Baromez 57 Cidaris Hystrix 186 papillaris 186 Ciniflo ferox 132 Cianamomum Zeylanicum 215 Circsea Lutetiana 294 Cistuda Carolina 116 Clagia 234 Clangula Barrovii 21 Clidemia biserrata 110 -- — deflexa 108 glabrata 108 longibarbis 110 urceolata 110 Cliococca 90 Clothilda 235 Clubiona 41 acceutuata 132 atrox 66 epimelas 132 erratica 132 saxatilis 66 Cocos nucifera '. 215 Collops 4-maculatus 112 Colobothea rubricollis 1 28 Colporhina bifoveolata 200 Conferva fluviatilis 65 Coufenae 163 Coniferse 53,54 Coniothecium amentaceum 32 Coujugata 164 Convallaria multiflora 119 Copris lunaris 346 punctatissima 197 semisquamosa 197 Corchorus depressus ,... 367 humilis 367 Corylus Avellana 18,89 Corysadeuia 281 Cremauium cordifolium 109 Crepis biennis 98, 99 Crotalaria Busbia 15 Cruckshanksia graminea 122 Cn,'ptocoryne ciliata 264 Cryptolepis 114, 115 Cryptolepis Buchanani 114 reticulata 114 Cryptophagus cellaris 327,328 Ciipressus torulosa - 18 Page Cuscuta epilinum 44 halophyta 44 Cuterebra fontanella 100 Cycadeae. 53, 54 Cycas circiualis 54,56 glauca 54,56 revoluta 54,55,56 speciosa 54, 56 Cy mbocarpa refracta 62 Cynomorium 219 Cypraja Tigris 308 venusta 314 Cytinus 190 Cytinus dioicus 217 Cyttaria Berteroi 97 Dar«inii 97 Dammara australis 321 Deeatoma 233 Deudrobium normale 14 Depazea pyricola 32 Derbe costalis 83 elongata 84 fasciolata 84 fritillaris 84 haemorrhoidalis 82 nervosa 82,84 nivea 83 pallida 83 punctum 83 semistriata 83 sinuosa 84 squamigera 83 stellulata 84 strigipennis , 83 testacea 83 Desmocepbalum 277 Desmochaeta sordida 109 Dianthus Caryophyllus imbricatus ... 119 Diaperus Boleti ..' 328 Diatoma fasciculatum 82 truncatum 82 Dictyocalyx 277 Dictyostega costata 61 orobanchoides 61,63 Schomburgkii 61 umbellata 61 Didesmus panduriformis 367 Dielocerus 186 Dielocerus Ellisii 187 Diospyros edulis 134 Diplerisma 361, 362 Dipteracanthus erectus 64 Dischidia Beugalensis 324 Kafflesiana 279, 324, 325 Disporum calcaratum 45 fulvum 45 Ilamiltonianum 45 Horsfieldii 45 Leschenaultianum 45 parvitlorum 45 Pitsutum 45 396 INDEX. Page Disporum Wallichii 45 Diurospermum album 351 Dodonsea Burmanniaua 16 Dolomedes fimbriatus 132 Dorcas deHaani 127 rufiferaoralis 200 Westermaniii 127 Dothidea chsetomium 32 Draparnaldia tenuis 165 Drassus 41 Drassus ater 131 exiguus 66 sericeus 131 viridissimus 66 Dysdeva erythi-ina 133 Hombergii 133 rubicunda 133 Ecliinocyaraus pusillus 185 Echinus decoratus 186 esculentus 185 lividus 185 miliaris 186 ■ monilis 185' pulchellus 186 Ectosperma clavata 226 Ectospora clavata 8 Edgvvorthia buxifolia 129 Elseis Guineensis 215 Elephastomus proboscideus 365 Elymus sabulosiis 4, 161 Eraalodera multipunctata 200 Encephalartos horridus 9,54 pungens 52 spirajis 54 Enhalus 219 Enteromorpha intestinalis ... 152, 153 Epe'ira agelena 133 antriada 133 bicornis 133 fusca 133 scalaris 133 umbratica 133 Ephedra 90 Epicauta conspersa 202 Epilasium rotundatum 201 Epimediura bydaspidis 18 Epipedonota marginiplicata 201 Epiphanes Javanica 321 Epipone Lecheguana 188 nidulans 188 Epitragus Beneo-britnnens 201 semicastaneus 201 Equisetum Drummondii 222 hyemale 74,290 Ergalis latens 132 Ergot?stia abortans 7 abortifaciens 52 Eriocaulon setaceum 271-273 WaUichianum 272 Eriocauloness 271 Ervthrochiton WaUichianum 282 Page Eucalyptus globulus 177 mannifera 178 robusta 178 Eucanthus 387 Euoplia polyspila 42 Euryale ferox 17 Eurytoma 233 Euterpe oleracea 215 Eutropis 15 Exilariafasciculata 82 Ferula Asafoetida 309 Fibularia angulosa 185 Ovulurn ....; 185 Tarentina 185 Fothergilla involucrata 18 Fraxinus floribunda 15 Fritillaria imperialis 18 Meleagris 134 Fuchsia fulgens 118 Fucus spinosus 268 stiriatus 267 Galapagoa 277 Galium Vaillantii 222 Gamoplexis 14 Gamoplexis orobanchoides 320 Gentiana campestris 119 Geometra trumaria 354 Geotrupidae 197 Geryonia proboscidalis 223 Gibsonia 367,368 Gloxinia speciosa 68 Gonyanthes Candida 60 Granularia Violas 382 Grislea tomentosa 16 Gymnema sylvestris 353 Gymnosiphon aphylhmi 60 Hastiiigsia coccinea 16 Hectocotyle Argonautse 237, 238 Octopodis 237 ■ Tremoctopodis 237 Heliamphora nutans 53 Heliconia 350 HeliconidEE 348, 349 Helosciadium ? tenerum 252 Hemiramphus 151 Henslowia 281 Heracleum giganteum 284 Hexarthrius Parryi 127 Hiraja cinerea 109 Hirundo Apus 296 esculenta 268 riparia 296 rustica 297 urbica 296 Hister castaneus 196 furcatus 196 Mathewsii 196 Holostemma 16 Ilopea glandulosa 282 Hovenia dulcis 16 Hvdnora 189 INDEX. 397 Page Hyclnora Africana 217 Hydrodictyon 165 Hydrophilidae 197 Hydrophilus chalybeatus 197 ochripes 197 Hylotoma formosa 187 Hylotorus bucephalus 112 H vmenopbvUum Tunbridgense 326 Uligeia ". 281 Iris geniianica 295 kamaonensis 8 longifolia .. 8 Moorcroftiana 8 sambucina 46 versicolor 46 Isoetes capsularis 121,122 lacustris 24 Isosoma 233 Ithomia 349,350 Ituiia 349,350 Jacaranda mimosifolia 68 Jansonia formosa 330 Juncus bufonius 9 concinnus 10 ditfusus 313 glaucus 9 indicus 10 leucanthus 10 leucomelas 10 membranaceus 10 Juiiiperus virgiuiana 58 Kleinia articulata 274 Lagurus ovatus 49,81 Lamia Horsfieldii 42 nigricoriiis 79 Swainsoui 79 Lasiandra calyptrata 108 fissinervia 110 Fontanesiana 110 protesefonnis 110 Lastrea rigida 52 Lathonia 235 Laurus nobilis 215 Lebioderus Goryi 112 Lecanora elatiiia 32 Lecidea niiscella 32 nitidula 32 Leersia oryzoides 222 Lemaaia 165 Lemania fluviatilis 360 torulosa 360 Lentinus crinitus 230 Leveillei 231 ■ uigripes 231 Schomburgkii 230 Svvartzii 230 tener 230 Lepidagatbis 64 Lepidodendrou Ilarcourtii 345 Lepidosireii annecteus 32 ■ paradoxa 27,28 Lepidosperuia elatior 4 Leptatberium Royleanum 93 Leptynoderus tuberculatus 200 Lepuraudra saccidora 73 Leretia 87 Leucothyreus .' antennatus 198 spurius 198 Lilium bulbiferum 295 Linnaea bcrealis 315 Linyphia 41 Linyphia pallida 133 Litliobiidce 231 Lodoicea Seychellarum 153 Loranthus bicolor 169, 170 globosus 169,170 Liicanidse 200 Lucauus astacoides 78 Brahraiuus 127 Buddba 127 bidbosus 78 curvidens 78 Forsteri 77 foveatus 78 Nepalensis 78 omissus 78 punctiger 78 Rafflesii 77 serricollis 78 Speucei 78 Lupinus nitidissimus 109 Luzula spicata 9 Lycorea 350 Lycosa 41 Lycosa agretyea 132 allodroma 132 andrenivora 132 leucopb?ea 132 lugubris 132 pallida 132 picta 132 piratica 132 Lydda elongata 84 Macra^a 278 Macrodactylus marmoratus 200 Madia sativa 77 ^lahonia Nepalensis 18 Malacbius 112 Manduculus vernalis 133 Marchantia polymorpha 240 Matricaria 119 Mechanitis 349, 350 Medusa proboscidalis 222 Melanoceucliris Rothiana 95 Rovleana 95 Meliantlieae 361, 362 Melianthus comosus 361 Himalayanus 364 major 364 minor 361 Melilotus arborea 77 Icucantha 77 398 Page Melitsa 235 Meloe ... 317, 318, 319, 346, 347, 348, 368, 369, 370 Meloe cicatricosus 268-270 proscarabaeus 268-270 violaceus 268-270 Meloseira 165 Meloseira varians 166 Mentha crispa 81 M en3'anthes trifoliata 17 Microcsecia 278 Microgastei" alvearia 228 Mimela Passeriiiii 128 Mitragenius araneiformis 201 IModeccopsis 171 Mouocliam us beryllinus 79 • ruber 43 sulphurifer 128 Mordella argentipunctata 202 Tachyporiformis 202 Morisonia Asiatica 367 Lawiana 367 Motella glauca 151 Mougeotia 164 Musa Cavendishii 157 Musca canicularis 52 Myraptera brumiea 188, 189 elegans 188,189 scutellaris 189 Myrioblastus 264 Myristica moschata 215 Myrsine ? auraiitiaca 327 undulata 327 Mj'sidia 84 Mysidia albipennis 83 lactiflora 83 subfasciata 83 Mystropetalon 190 Mystropetalon Thomii 219 Nacerdes ? alternans 202 Narthex Asafoetida 309 Natalia 361, 362 Nemoura trifasciata 388 Neottia aestivalis 80 gemmipara 162, 189 Nepenthes distillatoria 91, 92, 217 Neriene 41 Neriene graminicolens 133 trilineata 132, 133 Nerium reticulatum 114 Neurocarpum angustifolium 110 resupinatum 110 Nuytsia floribunda 123 Nyctelia Bremii 201 caudata 200 ? corrugata 201 Fitzroyi 201 granulata 201 undatipeunis 201 Nycterinus rugiceps 201 Odontolabis Baladena 127 Page Odontolabis Cuvera 127 CEdipodium GrifRthianum 33 ffinocarpus distichus 215 CEstrus Bovis 100 Clarkii 100 Equi 100 ericetorum 100 hemorrhoidalis 100 Libycus 100 lineatus 100 nasalis 100 Pecorum 100 pictus 100 Tarandi 100,179 Trompe 100, 179 veterinus 100 Olax acuminata 89 macrophylla 89 nana 88 pauciflora 89 Olea Laitoona 130 Oliva Brasiliensis 308 Utriculus 308 Oonops pulcher 133 Opegrapha signata 32 Ophioderma lacertosa 175 Ophiomeris Iguassuensis 329 Macahensis 329 Ophiomyxa lubrica 175 Ophiopsila Aranea 175 Ophiotlirix Kosula 176 Ophiura abyssicola 168 albida 168 filiforrais 176 lacertosa 175 neglecta 176 texturata 168 Ophrydeae 10 Oplocephala quadrituberculata 201 Oplophora SoUyi 43 Oreocorae elata 253 filicifolia 253 Orobanche 219 Orthoraphium Roylei 94 Oryctomorphus pictus 197 Osyris Nepalensis 169, 223 Pacuvia castanea 199 Panopaea Aldrovandi 160 Papaver bracteatum 158,159 orientate 158, 159 orientale bracteatum 158, 159 praecox 158 serotinum 158 somniferum 159 Papaveraceae 219 Papilio Hector 131 Papilionidae 350 Paris polyphylla 15 Paspalura exile 157, 167 Patara albida 85 guttata 85 INDEX. 399 Page Paussus aftiiiis ; 112 armatus 112 bifasciatus 113 Burmeisteri Ill cochlearius Ill cognatus 112, 133 cornutus 112 curvicornis 112 excavatus Ill Fichtelii Ill fulvus Ill Hardwickii 112 Hearseyanus 133 Jousselinii Ill Klu^iTii Ill liueatus 112 Linnaji Ill microcephalus Ill pilicornis Ill ruber Ill, 115 ruficoUis 112 rufitarsis Ill Saundersii 112 Shuckardi 112 spbffirocercus Ill Stevensianus 116 thoracicus Ill tibialis Ill Turcicus Ill Pectiaura vestita 167 Pediculus Apis 269 Melittse 270 Peganum Harrnala 15 Peltopbyllum Uiteum 176 Pentadesma butyracea 214 Peutaplatartbrus paussoides 112 Periploca calopbylla 115 Hydaspidis 115 Perla abnormis 387 arenosa 387 citronella 388 minima 388 verualis 388 Petrosciadium csspitosum 252 Peziza Ledi 32 Peucedanum Wallicbianiim 253 Phffiocordylis areolatus 220 Phalanta 234 Phaylopsis glutinosa 64 Pbcnice 84 Phenice fasciolata 84 fritillaris 84 stellulata 84 Pbilodromus cespiticolens 132 dispar 132 ■ — — obloiigiis 132 Pholeus phalangioides 133 Pbrynosonia eoriuitum 57 Phytocrene gigantea 240 Pilularia globulifera ■, 21 Pinus IMughus 89 Page Pinus Puniilio ..; 89 sylvestris 89 Plagiolytrum calycinum 95 filiforme 95 unidentatum 95 Platyrhopalus acutidens 112 angustus 112 aplustrifer 112, 116 denticoruis 112, 115 ? dentifrons 112 ? Iffivifrons 112 Melleii 112 unicolor 112 Westwoodii 112 Pleuropetaluin 278 Pleurospermum cicutariura 253 Plumatella 8 Podopbyllum Emodi 15 Pogopetalum acuminatum 88 orbiculatum 88 Polistes Actaeon 188 Africana 188 Gallica 188 nidulaus 188 Polypodium Baromez 57 Polysperma 165 Pomereulla monoica 95 Pontederia dilatata 272 Porcia 233 Praugos pabularia 17,18 Procellaria pelagica 2 Wilsoni 2 Procris Ise vicosf a 200 Prolifera 165 Prosartes lanuginosa 48 Menziesii 48 Prostenus? hirsutus 201 Protopterus 27 Pteris esculenta 293 Pteromalus Acrotatus 261 Aglaus 263 Amyntor 263 Anaxenor 262 Antbo 262 Antorides 262 AoUius 262 Bubaris 261 Cercides 262 Ection 262 Learchus 262 Naubolus 263 - — Nectocles 261 Odites 261 Orinus 263 Saravus 262 Sunides 261 Tedanius 262 Urgo 263 Xanthe 262 Pteronarcvs Californicus 388 regalis 180, 370, 387 400 INDEX. Page Purpuricenus rubripennis 128 Rafflesiaceae 216 Ranunculus acris 269 pimpinelloides 17 Rhizauthese 216 Ribes Grossularia .• 17 Himalense? 17 Rottlera tinctoria 16 Kiibus loiigifolius 109 Ruellia formosa 64 littoralis 64 secuuda 64 Sagra Carbunculus 128 Sais 349, 350 Salisburia adiantifolia 73 Salonionia apliylla 221 Salticus coronatus 132 cupreus 132 gracilis 132 Samara atropunctata 327 aurantiaca 327 Iteta 326, 327 ■ undulata 327 viridiflora 327 Santaluin album 169,223 Sapium aquifoliura 4] Sapria 179 Sapria Himalavana 217 Sarcocordvlis ". 220 Sarcophyt'e 209 Sarcostigma Roxburghii 282 Sarracenia purpurea 92 Saturnia Pavonia minor 228 Satyrium pallidum 11 Scliaphespermum trilobum 253 Schizocercus nasicornis 188 ochrostigma 188 Schultesia pallens 110 Scladerma Lalage 263 Sclerotium roseum 32 Scolopendrium officinale 119, 295 Scotobius buUatus 200 Scrophularia nodosa 47 Secale cornutum 159 Seddera latifolia 367 Sedum Telepbium 89 Selinum Candollii 253 Semnopitliecus cristatus 235, 236 halonifer 235, 236 Maurus 235 Sericostoma 368 Serioides atricapillus 199 Reichii 199 Seseli Libanotis 51 Sison? tener 252 Sisyrinchium coUinum 123 filiforme 123 flexuosum 122,123 Narcissoides 122 odoratissimum 122 Solanum graveolens 110 Page Solanum reptans 110 Solenomelus Chilensis 122 punctatus 122 Sonneratia acida 166 Sparassus smaragdulus 132 Sparganiura carinatum 18 Spatangus cordatus 185 meridionalis 1B4 purpureus 184 Spergula stricta 222 Sphaeria alnea 32 arbuticola 32 Depazea 32 mesiota 32 Ostruthii 32 rhytismoides 32 scoriadea 32 Spliasroplea crispa 165 Sphaerosomus muricatus 197 Spiranthes cernua 190 gemmipara 189 Spondylus varius 134 Spongilla fluviatilis 8, 36, 226 Stapbylea Emodi 17 Stemonitis pulchella 32 Stenioptera lilacina 62 Stenaspidius 366 Stereocaulon denudatum 32 paschale 32 Stibara tetraspilota 79 trilineata 79 Stictis lichenicola 32 Stictophyllum 253 Stilbospora macrosperma 32 Stilbum aurantiacum 32 Stillingia sebifera 214 Streptocaulon calopbyllum 115 Streptolirion volubile 254 Streptopus amplexifolius 48 lanuginosus 47 roseus 47, 48 simplex 48 Strobilanthus lupulina 64 Stylops 368 Stylops aterrimus 319 melittffi 319 S wiatonia floribunda 283 Symphyosteraon 123 Sympliyostemon flexuosum 122 odoratissimum 122 SvnedraUlna 82 Systole 233 Syzygitis megalocarpus 32 Targionia liypopliylla 240 Tegenaria domestica 132 Tetranthera sebifera 215 Tetraonyx cinctus 202 7-guttatus 202 Tetrapteris acutifolia , 110 mutabilis 109 Thelephora ferruginca 32 INDEX. 401 Page Thelephora lactea 32 Isevis 32 Theobroma Cacao 214 Theridion benignum 66 • denticulatum 132 reticulatum 132 signatum 132 vernale 133 Theridium 41 Theridium pallidum 133 Thesium 170 Thismia Bmnonis 221, 329 Thomisus bifasciatus 132 brevipes 132 citreus 132 Thottea 180, 218 Thracia javanica 84 nervosa 84 sinuosa 84 Thj'sanocbilus 14 Tremoctopus violaceus 236, 237 Trentepoblia pulchella [3. chalybea . 360 Trewia nudiflora ■. 218 Tribostethes castaneus 198 Trichocephalus acetabularis 237 Trichomanes radicans 326 ■ speciosum 179, 326 Trifoliura repens 119 resupinatum 80 Tripladenia Cunninghamii 46 Triplosporite 345 Triuris 176 Triuris hyalina 96 Trochoideus Americanus 110, 111 cruciatus 110 ■ ^ Dalmanni 110 Desjardiusii 110 Hopei 110 Tropseoluin raajus 124 TroxbuUatus 197 lachiyiuosus 197 trisulcatus 197 Tyndaridea 164 Page Typha angustifolia 42 Uncaria procumbens 293 Uria lacrjonans 21 Troile 21 Utriciilaria diantha 353 fasciculata 353 foveolata 351 ■ nivea 352 polygaloides 351 ■ pterosperma 352 racemosa 352 reticulata 352 rosea 352 uliginosa 351 Uvularia amplexifolia 47 • calcarata 45 Hamiltoniana 45 Leschenaultiana 45 Vallisueria spiralis 294 Vateria Indica 214 Vaucheria 164 Veronica agrestis 225 arvensis ". 225 Cymbalaria 225 hedersefolia 225 VeiTucaria margacea 32 Vesiculifera composita 166 Vicarya 367 Villarsia Nymphoides 18 Viola 297 Viola canina 382 flavicornis 382 sebifera 215 Walckenaera 41 Xenodochus carbonarius 32 Zamia furfuracea 54, 55 puEQila 54, 55 Zeugma vittat a 84 Zonopterus flavitarsis 128 Zygnema 164 Zygophyllum obtusum 367 simplex 367 END OF VOLUME I. 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